Analysis of factors that affect the standard of soccer in africa: the case of east african countries
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
IntroductionSoccer or association football is the world's most popular sport being played in every nation without exception (Reilly, 1996). The sport is played by millions of people and has billions of fans and supporters all over the world including 205 playing nations and members of Federation of International Football Association (FIFA). Indeed, the game is rated Africa's best sport with 53 countries affiliated to Confederation of African Football (CAF) and the Federation of International Football Association (FIFA).Efforts directed towards development of soccer in Africa have seen several management and administrative structures of the sport being setup at continental, regional and national levels. Further more, due to the popularity of the sport, most of the African countries have invested heavily in it, so as to bring about success. Indeed Kgathi (2003) noted that achievements of national teams at International competitions often bring glory and stirs nationalistic sentiments to both the leadership and citizenly. However, there has been limited success by most African countries in international tournaments especially at World Cup. Aptly, it is only soccer teams from Cameroon, Nigeria, Senegal and Ghana which have reached the quarter finals of the World Cup.The performance at the continental level of the three East African countries is dismal. This is more so as none of East African countries has ever reached the World Cup finals, Olympics or even won the African Cup of Nations that is held every two years since 1957 (Njororai 2000, 2003).For example, Nyanjom (2010), observed that football in Kenya has suffered through the years from corruption, mismanagement and political intrigue resulting in the countries failure to make any significant impact in regional, continental or global competitions.The unimpressive performance of African teams at the World Cup and the FIFA/Coca-Cola world rankings have consistently shown that the standard of football in Africa is very low. Specifically, the standards of soccer in East Africa are even lower compared to North West and South African Countries. It is against this background that it was necessary to establish factors that affect the standard of the sport in East African region. Sport administration in Kenya suffers from multiple problems including weak financial management and leadership, poor governance and failure to invest in youth programmes.Schnabel in Singh (1982) defined sports performance as the unity of process and results of a sports motor action or of a complex sequence of action measured or evaluated according to agreed socially determined norms. Such evaluations lead to the eventual ranking of teams. On the basis of ranking, African teams are way behind other continents such as South America and Europe. The countries that have excelled in international soccer competitions also have better political, economic, social and cultural conditions which are indispensable for producing outstanding players (Singh, 1982). However isolated cases exist where countries such as Brazil and Argentina with not so elaborate economies have dominated soccer at the global scene for a long period of time. The prevailing conditions in a country serve as a medium in which sports training can be effectively carried out. The current study therefore emphasized on how a personnel (environmental) factors influence soccer development in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. It is acknowledged that sports performance is a complete matrix of a combination of both a personnel and personal factors such as physiological, biochemical, biomechanical, skill traits, body composition and somatotypes (Salmela, 1992). Therefore, the personnel factors investigated in this study include facilities, equipment, funding, incentives and quality of technically trained personnel. Studies done in East Africa on soccer have pointed out the technical and tactical inadequacies of the teams especially in Kenya (Njororai, 2000) and the organizational weakness of soccer in Uganda (Waiswa, 2005). …
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».