Markets, Human Capital and Income Inequality in Rural China
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The introduction of the household responsibility system in the early 1980s and market liberalizing reforms are generally credited with the rapid growth enjoyed by China's rural sector. This growth has not been without some cost however. Over the last two decades, inequality appears to have increased appreciably in the countryside. Estimates suggest that the inequality as measured by the Gini has increased from less than 0.20 to 0.35 over this period. Much of the focus in the literature has been on the role of growing regional disparities in rural incomes caused by differential rates of growth in the TVE sector. Much less attention has been given to emerging differences within localities, and its contribution to overall inequality during transition. Recent calculations (Benjamin and Brandt, AEA Proceedings, 1999) suggest, however, that nearly three-quarters of the inequality in the rural sector are the product of intra- (as opposed to inter-) village differences in income. Our objective in this paper is to examine the emerging inter-household income differentials at the village level. In light of the growing market development in the countryside and the relaxation of restrictions on mobility, we want to analyze how emerging markets and institutions have interacted with household endowments and demographic processes to affect the distribution of income at this level. We are especially interested in the effect that human capital accumulation and differences in the rate of return to human capital across localities have had on intra-local inequality. We are also interested in the indirect effect that market development and growth has had on inequality through its effect on household organization. Over the last fifteen years, we observe a marked increase in the percentage of nuclear households, and a tendency for kids to live on their own once they become adults. To address these questions, we draw on two unique data sets. The first is a detailed household level data set that was collected by two of the authors in collaboration with Chinese colleagues in Hebei and Liaoning provinces in 1995. Altogether, 780 households in 30 villages in six counties in two provinces were surveyed. We also draw on for comparison household level data collected as part of the CHNS (Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey). These data extend to over 4000 households in 6 provinces, and have the added feature of being in the form of a panel (1989, 1991, 1993). This paper will contribute to our knowledge of inequality in rural China and to the impact of economic transition on inequality more generally.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
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Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».