INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF MITIGATING NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES OF FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION IN NORTHERN AREAS
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Climate change has negative impacts on the economy and the environment and major polluters may be held responsible for the resultant damages. This thesis has three core components, which show that using solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies as a replacement for fossil fuel electrical generation is a technically-viable and in some cases economically-advantageous way to reduce the liability of emitters even in northern regions with extreme environments. First greenhouse gas emissions liabilities are reviewed and quantified. Then a methodology is developed to determine the economic viability of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems for large scale institutions like universities. Finally, the effects of snow on photovoltaic systems is quantified for an extreme winter location using experimental data. After reviewing the quantification methods for climate liability, the 10 largest emitters in the U.S. are identified and their liability is evaluated. Different classes of potential litigants are identified and their capacity to file climate change lawsuits is assessed. Results show that profits of major companies can be significantly reduced due to their potential emission’s liability. Economic risks of potential litigants is estimated, and results show that liability for the Alliance of Small Island Nations (AOSIS) is over $570 trillion. Such litigation is not yet widespread, so a methodology is proposed for the determining the financial viability of implementing large scale PV systems and is applied to a case study in Houghton, Michigan. Results show that NPV is positive and energy production cost is less than what university pays for electricity; therefore, the investment is recommended if the cost per Watt of PV reaches $3.10 when electricity export escalation rate is 2%, if there are no snow losses. Previous work indicated that snow losses were relatively minor even for systems installed in Canada. However, the Houghton region experiences some of the largest snow accumulations in the country, so experimental evidence was needed. A test system including seven modules with different orientations and tilt angles was installed at the KRC in Calumet, Michigan and it was monitored for a year. The snow related energy losses of PV systems ranged from 5% for the elevated PV system with the highest tilt angle (45 degrees) to 34% for the obstructed module with lowest tilt angle. These results show that careful system design is needed in such snowy regions and that further work is necessary to reduce snow-related losses to improve the economic performance of PV in northern regions.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».