Sea Plow IX, A Lightweight Approach to High Speed Cable Plowing
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Cable burial by plowing into the ocean bottom has been the most widely used method of protecting undersea telecommunications cables from ocean hazards, including fishing activity and heavy ships' anchors. For the most part, this is accomplished by using heavy sled-type cable plows towed by large powerful cable ships to overcome the significant plow forces associated with most ocean bottom conditions. This technique has been generally effective and reliable, however the resulting depth of burial is limited by the amount of tow force the ship can impact to the plow. In some soils, achieving even the standard 1.0- meter burial depth requirement of most cable projects within the bollard-pull capabilities of most commercial cable ships is difficult with conventional passive plow technology. Recognizing the need for deeper burial over a range of soils to counter the increased threat of the fishing industry which is using larger vessels, heavier gear and extending its activities into deeper waters, TyCom Submarine Systems Ltd. in cooperation with Perry Slingsby Systems Inc. have developed a new generation of cable plows with both passive and jet-assisted plowing capability. The newest in this suite, Sea Plow IX, was commissioned in July 2000 and has recently completed burial of over 1000 kilometers of fiber-optic cable in conjunction with the Hibernia Project in the North Atlantic Ocean. This lightweight (less than 17 metric tons in air) jet-assisted cable plow can be deployed from standard shipboard handling equipment and is capable of burying cables and repeaters to 1.5 meters depth at low tension and increased speed. Overall, this new fiber optic cable system installed by TyCom has been continuously buried to an average depth of 1.5 meters. Tow tensions ranged from 15 to 25 metric tons at an average forward speed of 1.4 kilometers per hour in soils ranging from medium clay to abrasive mixtures of sand and gravel. This lightweight ow-tension approach to plowing is the subject matter of this paper. Introduction Soon after AT&T-Submarine Systems (now TyCom Submarine Systems Ltd.) installed the first two transatlantic telephone cable systems (TAT-1 in 1956 and TAT-2 in 1959), it became apparent that some reliable means of protecting these cables from ocean hazards was needed. The greatest danger to submarine cables exists on the continental shelves resulting from bottom fishing activities such as trawling and scalloping. Approximately 95 percent of all past submarine telephone cable failures have been caused by human intervention, primarily from fishing activities.¹,Â2 Characteristically, these shelves slope gently from shore to about 100 miles seaward where the water depth typically approaches 100 fathoms. Beyond a bottom depth of 100 fathoms, the bottom slope increases rapidly as the edge of the shelf is reached and the transition to deep water begins. While most cable failures occur in relatively shallow waters (less than 500 meters), it was anticipated that commercial fishing would eventually move into deeper waters.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».