Food Deserts in the Prairies? Supermarket Accessibility and Neighborhood Need in Edmonton, Canada*
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Résumé
Abstract The U.S. and U.K. literatures have discussed “food deserts,” reflecting populated, typically urban, low-income areas with limited access to full-service supermarkets. Less is known about supermarket accessibility within Canadian cities. This article uses the minimum distance and coverage methods to determine supermarket accessibility within the city of Edmonton, Canada, with a focus on high-need and inner-city neighborhoods. The results show that for 1999 both of these areas generally had higher accessibility than the remainder of the city, but six high-need neighborhoods had poor supermarket accessibility. We conclude by examining potential reasons for differences in supermarket accessibility between Canadian, U.S., and U.K. cities. Key Words: accessibilityEdmontonfood desertssupermarkets Notes a25th and 75th percentiles (given in italics) are provided for all residential neighborhoods only. Notes: Lower values of minimum distance and higher values of number of stores indicate higher access. p-values are given in italics. aFor each accessibility indicator, low accessibility neighborhoods are defined as those neighborhoods with accessibility scores in the lowest quartile. bFor each accessibility indicator, high accessibility neighborhoods are defined as those neighborhoods with accessibility scores in the highest quartile. Note: Z and p-values computed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test of means. Notes: Neighborhoods are identified by number rather than name for anonymity. aAll neighborhoods had zero stores within 1 km and fell within the top distance quartile. bAbove city-wide median for that variable. cWithin the top quartile for that variable. 1Low-income levels were based on CitationStatistics Canada's (1999) before-tax low-income cut-offs for urban areas with 500,000 people, along with 1999 Edmonton Civic Census cross tabulations of household size by household income. 2We selected the combination of methods used here, and used local knowledge and ground-truthing in uncertain cases to ensure as complete an enumeration as possible of all full-range food stores (i.e., supermarkets) in Edmonton as of 1999. However, we acknowledge that we may have inadvertedly missed some independent supermarkets. *Research funding was provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and GEOIDE. The authors thank postdoctoral fellow Dr. Nairne Cameron, and student research assistants Vladimir Yasenovskiy, Julia Healy, Nicoleta Cutumisu, Jared Hewko, Mark Pickersgill, Sherry Diehlman, and Kris Ridell for their assistance in the research. We wish to note that the term “unsupportive local food environments,” which we use in this paper, was kindly suggested by one of the referees. We also thank the five anonymous referees for their insightful comments on this paper.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle