Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Eighteen ice experts from nine countries were actively involved in the development of new guidelines for ice actions that are an essential part of the new standard ISO 19906. This paper provides an overview of the methods that are recommended for ice action determination. This standard is based on the limit states design method. Therefore, guidelines are provided for ice actions in four different categories of limit states. Characteristic values of ice actions depend on the limit state concerned and also on the life-safety and consequence categories that are applicable to a structure. As a general principle, design shall be carried out separately for global ice actions, local ice actions and for dynamic ice actions. Operational procedures may be used to reduce ice actions. Ice action scenarios need to be selected by taking account of the specific conditions in the ice regime for which a structure is designed. Data from full scale measurements on instrumented structures were the basis for developing methods for calculating ice actions. These methods are recommended for the practical determination of design ice actions on offshore structures. Both probabilistic and deterministic methods can be used. For many action scenarios, it is useful to consider limit-stress, limit-energy and limit-force mechanisms as well as specific ice failure modes. ISO 19906 provides a variety of methods and formulas that consider these limiting mechanisms and ice failure modes for the determination of global ice actions. Three methods for determining local ice actions in different conditions are provided. Basic modes of dynamic ice actions are described and simple models are provided for vertical and conical structures. 1. Introduction Several surveys of predicted ice actions have been carried out in recent years (Shkhinek et al. (1994); Croasdale (1994) and Timco and Croasdale (2006)). International experts were invited in these surveys to determine ice actions for a few basic scenarios. These studies have revealed little consensus and a wide spread in the predicted values of ice actions. This situation has been a good reason for the development of the new standard ISO 19906, which should significantly reduce the discrepancies in the prediction of ice actions. The new guidelines of ice action determination are provided in the sub-clauses 8.2 and A.8.2 of the new standard. These clauses were written by an international group of eighteen experts from nine countries, as shown in Table 1. The resulting clause is the consensus of these experts. It is well known that formulas on ice action can not be derived directly from first principles. Empirical factors that are obtained from experiments play a very central role in all ice load prediction. The new standard emphasizes the importance of full-scale data.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».