What counts as a conflict of interest: reply to criticisms made by Frenk & Dar
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Dr Shiffman is engaged as a consultant and Senior Scientific Advisor to Pinney Associates, a health policy, pharmaceutical development, and tobacco control consultancy. Pinney Associates consults on tobacco control and smoking cessation exclusively to GlaxoSmithKline, which markets smoking cessation products. Dr Shiffman also now has an interest in JSR, LLC, which develops novel pharmaceutical products, including smoking cessation products. Dr Shiffman has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline (through its predecessors SmithKline Beecham Consumer Healthcare, Marrion Merrell-Dow and GlaxoWellcome). He has also received research funding from the following US government research institutes, all parts of the National Institutes of Health: the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Cancer Institute, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute for Nursing Research, National Institute of Mental Health and National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases. He has also received research funding from the following private non-profit non-governmental organizations concerned with public health: the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and from the following governmental organizations concerned with health: the State of California Tobacco Related Disease Research Program and the Veterans Administration Special Action Office on Drug Abuse Prevention. Dr Shiffman has also consulted to and/or received honoraria from the following pharmaceutical or other companies who have evaluated or currently market products and/or services for smoking and/or other conditions, or who represent such companies: AB Leo (now Pharmacia), American Pharmaceutical Association, Bayer Pharmaceuticals, Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis), Consumer Healthcare Products Association, Cygnus, Key Pharmaceuticals, HealthScan, Healthwise, Lifesign, Medco Medical Management, Medical Communications, Parke-Davis, Porter/Novelli and Procter & Gamble. He has also acted as a consultant for the following non-profit non-governmental health organizations: American Heart Association, American Lung Association, American Society of Addiction Medicine, Center for the Advancement of Health, Palo Alto Center for Disease Prevention and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. He has consulted to the following academic publishers: Academic Press, Oxford University Press and Sage Press, and the following academic institutions: Hahnemann University, Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Minnesota, University of Kentucky, University of California, University of Vermont and West Virginia University. Dr Shiffman has consulted additionally to the following government bodies: Health Canada (Canadian Health Ministry) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Ten years ago, Dr Shiffman was engaged as an expert witness in litigation against a tobacco company (law firms: Budd, Larner & Associates and Wilentz & Associates), and since the publications under discussion, he has again been so engaged (by the law firm of Ness Motley et al.). Dr Shiffman also now has an interest in invivodata, Inc., which provides electronic diary methodology for clinical research. His university retirement mutual funds' stock holdings include Philip Morris and Microsoft, Inc. Sir—If I understand them correctly, Frenk & Dar are arguing that I am failing to live up to my own standards by declaring a drug company as the funding source for a clinical trial but not stating that the company manufactured the products being tested! While the example they chose is perhaps a little weak, the issue of what counts as a declaration is interesting and worth considering. It seems to me that a general principle would be that the declaration should provide the kind of reader who would be expected to read the piece with information relating to any potential bias, whether intentional or unintentional, and the name of a direct sponsoring organization may not be enough to do that.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,025 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».