Physical Modeling of Heavy Oil Production Rate in a Vapour Extraction Process
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Vapour extraction (VAPEX) process is a promising heavy oil recovery technology because it can cause significant viscosity reduction through sufficient solvent dissolution and possible asphaltene precipitation. Although the VAPEX process has been extensively studied in the past two decades, it is still a challenging technical task to predict its stabilized oil production rate. It has been reported in the literature that the predicted oil production rate can differ from the measured oil production data by several factors to one order. In this paper, physical modeling is conducted to accurately measure the stabilized heavy oil production rate, which is then compared with the theoretical prediction. In the experiment, a rectangular sand-packed VAPEX physical model is used and its porosity and permeability are measured prior to the VAPEX tests. A butane mixture is chosen as a gaseous solvent to extract heavy oil at a constant pressure slightly lower than its dew-point pressure and a constant temperature. The heavy oil VAPEX process is visualized to determine the so-called vapour chamber rising, spreading and falling phases. In particular, the stabilized heavy oil production rate during the vapour chamber spreading phase is measured. Theoretically, the modified Butler- Mokrys analytical model is applied to predict the stabilized heavy oil production rate. It has been found that the modified Butler- Mokrys analytical model can give a good prediction of the stabilized heavy oil production rate in the vapour chamber spreading phase. It is worthwhile to emphasize that the measured permeability of the physical model, the measured solubility and the effective diffusivity of the solvent in the heavy oil should be used in the theoretical prediction. Introduction Effective and economical recovery of heavy oil and bitumen from a large number of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs in Western Canada becomes a key technical issue because the conventional crude oil production declines rapidly. In 2003, for the first time, the heavy oil and bitumen production exceeded the conventional crude oil production in Alberta1. The high viscosity and low mobility of heavy oil and bitumen cause their primary recovery to be as low as 6~8 percent of the original-oil-in-place (OOIP) 2. As a secondary recovery method, waterflooding may produce some incremental oil. Unfortunately, the overall incremental recovery for waterflooding is rather low due to the quick water breakthrough caused by extremely high mobility ratio. Thermal-based tertiary recovery processes, such as, cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), in-situ combustion (ISC), steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), are currently being applied to enhance heavy oil and bitumen recovery. The maximum oil recovery of a typical CSS process usually does not exceed 20 percent and a subsequent steam flooding process is required to produce the remaining oil in the reservoir3,4. In general, the ISC process is not suitable for recovering highly viscous crude oil (say μ?> 1000 mPa's) 5. The SAGD process6 is rather successful in exploiting the heavy oil and bitumen resources.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».