Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter on Mortality in European and North American Cities: An Analysis Within the Aphena Project
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
SS1-05 Introduction: APHENA is a collaborative effort joining the multicity European APHEA and the U.S. NMMAPS projects as well as independent Canadian investigators. The effects of ambient particulate matter (PM10) were studied in 90 U.S. cities (16 with daily measurements and 74 with one of 6 day measurements) with a population from 250,000 to 9 million; 22 European cities (with daily measurements), population from 200,000 to 7 million; and 12 Canadian cities (with one of 6 day measurements), population from 200,000 to 20 million. The daily number of total, respiratory, and cardiovascular deaths was studied for all ages and among those above and under 75 years of age. Methods: The analysis was done in 2 stages. The first stage concerns city-specific datasets and involves extensive exploratory and sensitivity analyses using Poisson regression models. To control for several time-varying confounders, we used both natural and penalized splines as smoothers. We also applied models using varying degrees of freedom for seasonality control. The second stage involves combining the effect estimates obtained from the first stage and attempting to explain heterogeneity by predefined potential effect modifiers. Results: Results for all studied outcomes and from models using varying methods for seasonality control are presented. Thus, for example, the daily increase of cardiovascular deaths associated with 10-μg/m3 increase in PM10 concentrations using 8 degrees of freedom per year and natural splines, in cities with daily measurements, was 0.31% (95% confidence interval: 0.04 to 0.59) for European cities and 0.30% (−0.18 to 0.78) for U.S. cities. The effects estimated for Canadian cities were generally higher. Conclusions: In summary, we found an increase in mortality (in most cases statistically significant) with increasing PM10 concentrations. Although the estimates in Europe and the United States were similar, in Canada, they were considerably higher. The effects were higher in the elderly compared with those under 75 years of age. Higher effects were observed in cardiovascular mortality. Effect modification patterns between the 2 continents showed differences with environmental and climatic variables but consistency with socioeconomic status indicators.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».