Performance of the SAGD Process in the Presence of a Water Sand- A Preliminary Investigation
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Many heavy oil and oil sand reservoirs in Canada are in communication with a water sand, and in some cases, with a gas cap. Conventional thermal recovery methods using vertical wells in these thin reservoirs (5 - 10 m of pay) have been unsuccessful. The use of optimally placed horizontal wells has proved, in a few cases, to be economically feasible, due to a reduction of the heat loss to the cap rock and bottom water layer, as well as better overall heat distribution in the reservoir. Steamflooding heavy oil/oil sand reservoirs with a contiguous water sand is risky due to the possibility of short circuiting the steam chamber. The success of the Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process at the Underground Test Facility (UTF) in Fort McMurray, Alberta has, in many ways, lent its application to these reservoirs. The success of subsequent projects depends largely on the efficient utilization of heat injected into the reservoir, among several aspects related to reservoir heterogeneities and operational strategy. This work studied how the SAGD process is affected by the presence of a water sand, and determined how heat is distributed in these reservoirs. Reservoir heterogeneities, wellbore hydraulics, and geomechanical impact were not considered in this study. The results of this study showed a relationship between ultimate recovery, heat accumulated in the reservoir, and the thickness of the water sand (bottom or top water). For the base case run, an average oil rate of 80 m3/d was maintained for 1,400 days before it started to decline. Ultimate recovery was approximately 70% of the OOIP after nine years of steam injection, and the cumulative OSR was 0.3 m3/m3 (CWE). The presence of a bottom water sand had a lesser impact on recovery than when an overlying water sand was present. Recovery efficiency decreased with increasing water sand thickness. In the case of overlying water sand, larger areal coverage of the overlying water sand severely reduced the recovery efficiency of the process, as heat was diverted (or channeled) into the "thief' zone. When a bottom water layer was present, the BHFP (bottom hole flowing pressure) of the horizontal producer could be operated at or above the pressure of the aquifer to prevent water coning and hence only affected the heat source slightly. Introduction Successful application of the SAGD Process at the Underground Test Facility (UTF) demonstrated it to be a commercially viable recovery method to exploit heavy oil and oil sand reservoirs(1–4). Some of these studies examined the mechanics of the SAGD process, while others discussed the implementation of this process (including operational constraints) at UTF. In this paper, an examination of SAGD application to an oil reservoir in communication with water sand, as well as the effects of confined and unconfined water-bearing zones, was evaluated. Heat balance calculations were also performed to establish relationships between heat accumulated in the reservoir to the thickness of the water sand and the recovery efficiency.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».