Characterization and quantification of aquifer heterogeneity using outcrop analogs at the Canadian Forces Base Borden, Ontario, Canada

Research Article| July 01, 2015 Characterization and quantification of aquifer heterogeneity using outcrop analogs at the Canadian Forces Base Borden, Ontario, Canada G.S. Weissmann; G.S. Weissmann † 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA †E-mail: weissman@unm.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar A. Pickel; A. Pickel 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar K.C. McNamara; K.C. McNamara 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar J.D. Frechette; J.D. Frechette 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar I. Kalinovich; I. Kalinovich 2Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA §Current address: Dillon Consulting Limited, 1558 Wilson Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 0Y4, Canada, and Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 5V6, Canada. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar R.M. Allen-King; R.M. Allen-King 2Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar I. Jankovic I. Jankovic 3Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information G.S. Weissmann † 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA A. Pickel 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA K.C. McNamara 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA J.D. Frechette 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA I. Kalinovich §Current address: Dillon Consulting Limited, 1558 Wilson Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 0Y4, Canada, and Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 5V6, Canada. 2Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA R.M. Allen-King 2Department of Geology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA I. Jankovic 3Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA †E-mail: weissman@unm.edu Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 17 Aug 2014 Revision Received: 15 Jan 2015 Accepted: 09 Feb 2015 First Online: 08 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 © 2015 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (2015) 127 (7-8): 1021–1035. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31193.1 Article history Received: 17 Aug 2014 Revision Received: 15 Jan 2015 Accepted: 09 Feb 2015 First Online: 08 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation G.S. Weissmann, A. Pickel, K.C. McNamara, J.D. Frechette, I. Kalinovich, R.M. Allen-King, I. Jankovic; Characterization and quantification of aquifer heterogeneity using outcrop analogs at the Canadian Forces Base Borden, Ontario, Canada. GSA Bulletin 2015;; 127 (7-8): 1021–1035. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/B31193.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Accurate characterization of internal structures and geometries of aquifers is critical for evaluation of plume migration and dispersion of contaminants. For this reason, high-resolution transport study field sites, such as the Waterloo Groundwater Research Site at the Canadian Forces Base Borden, Ontario, Canada, have been established. However, geological characterization at this site is based primarily on cores and shallow geophysical data. Outcrop analog studies offer detailed horizontal data that can help to build quantified models of aquifer heterogeneity. We used a combination of ground-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and high-resolution photographs at a sand quarry cut into Borden aquifer sediment to evaluate and quantify the distribution of lithofacies and hydrofacies that control flow properties in the Borden aquifer. We exposed sixteen ∼20 m × 1.5 m outcrops, LiDAR surveyed, photographed, and field mapped lithofacies at each exposure, and segmented the lithofacies from photographs to produce maps of facies distributions. We grouped different lithofacies into hydrofacies based on overall facies geometry and estimated hydraulic properties. We used LiDAR scans and the segmented facies maps to produce a digital outcrop model (DOM) of the site. The resultant DOM combines lithofacies and hydrofacies derived from field observations with high-resolution (5 mm) LiDAR data to reconstruct hydrofacies distributions in a three-dimensional (3-D) geomodel. The DOM offers a relatively complete horizontal correlation structure that was used in transition probability geostatistical modeling to create realizations of hydrofacies distributions in the aquifer at the study site. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

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