Estimation of Steam-Chamber Extent Using 4D Seismic
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process has been successfully implemented to produce ultra-viscous bitumen from the Athabasca oil-sands in the Province of Alberta, Canada. In the Hangingstone area, 15 pairs of SAGD wells had been drilled by 2006 in the reservoir of maximum 30 m thickness and about 300 m depth. The production reached an average of 8,000 BOPD in recent years. The reservoir is geologically characterized as stacked incised valley fills in fluvial to upper-estuarine channels. Thin mudstone layers and abrupt changes in facies caused by the sedimentary deposits present complexities and difficulties for SAGD implementation. A 3D seismic survey was conducted in 2002 to obtain a clear view of geology that was fully utilized for planning additional wells. In order to evaluate SAGD efficiency and performance, a time-lapse 3D seismic survey was carried out in 2006. In this paper, P-wave velocity (Vp) maps transformed from the seismic travel-time maps were interpreted with a new methodology for evaluating the areal extent of the steamchamber zone created by the SAGD process. In the previous experimental study of seismic velocity measurements with oilsands cores, Vp was found to steeply drop with an increase in temperature and to gently decrease with an increase in pore pressure. Based on the experimental results, a petrophysical model was formulated to express Vp as a function of temperature, pressure, and water saturation. The high pressure and high temperature zone of the SAGD process should generate differences between the first (2002) and second (2006) Vp maps from which we can estimate the area of the reduced bitumen viscosity with a temperature increase. As effects of pressure are probably more areally extensive than effects of temperature, these two effects on the Vp maps need to be segregated. As a new method, a scaling factor for the Vp reduction was first estimated to adjust the laboratory scale and field scale. We then calculated a distribution of Vp reduction corresponding to steam-chamber conditions in order to decouple composite effects of temperature and pressure based on the petrophysical model. Distinguishing high temperature and high pore-pressure zone from low temperature and high pore-pressure zone, we could determine a steam-chamber distribution. The bitumen volume in the steam-chamber zone was estimated and compared with the actual production. The methodology, interpretation procedures, and the results obtained are presented in detail. Introduction Although the oil price has dropped rapidly after the financial crisis in 2008, the development of unconventional oil resources like extra-heavy oil and oil shale still remains significant in the quest for increasing reserves or energy security (Stark et al. 2008). Such bituminous and heavy oil, however, complicates their production using normal techniques. Then, a variety of methods are developed to decrease high viscosity. The injection of heat or solvents is used extensively. The SAGD technique which was first designed by Butler (1992, 1994) is one of the most effective steam injection methods and it has been widely applied in Canadian oil-sand reservoirs. The steam movement is highly influenced by complex substructure in reservoirs.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».