Stable Emulsion and Demulsification in Chemical EOR Flooding: Challenges and Best Practices
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract In this paper, factors such as key issues (e.g. emulsions), challenges (e.g. water treatment), and best practices (e.g. combination of equipment design and demulsifier to treat emulsions) associated with chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) are presented. During the application of chemical EOR floods, breakthrough of the injection chemicals such as surfactant and polymer or polymer alone periodically occurs resulting in stable emulsions. This paper was compiled from the literature to report the effects of alkali, polymers, surfactants, asphaltenes, resins, and shear rates on emulsion stability. When treated with polymer alone, the produced fluid was not very stable and resolved into two phases: oil and water. However, the water exhibited a high oily content and was difficult to treat due to the adsorption of polymer onto the surface of the oil droplets. Zeta potential measurements indicated that oil droplets were not only stabilized by steric stabilization of the polymer but also by electrostatic stabilization. The effect of polymer on emulsion stability in SP (surfactant and polymer) or ASP (alkali, surfactant, and polymer) floodings is complicated. Polymer can form a "bridge" between two oil droplets and decrease the emulsion stability; however, polymer can also enhance the emulsion stability via electrostatic and steric stabilization. Asphaltenes and resins present in the crude oil form a rigid film around water droplets, contributing to high BS&W values. Surfactants and alkali decrease the interfacial tension and zeta potential, contributing to the stability of oil droplets. As concentrations of the injection chemicals in the produced fluid varied, the stability of the emulsion also changed. As a result, the selected demulsifier has to be robust. In this paper, water soluble demulsifiers and oil soluble demulsifiers were used to treat the emulsion. The demulsifier greatly lowered water content in the oil phase (BS&W<0.5%) and oil concentration in the water phase (less than 50 ppm). The demulsification mechanism was also investigated in terms of elastic modulus, particle size, and interfacial tension. Application of this novel demulsifier resulted in a much more effective oil/water separations process with the production of dry oil and clean water at a pilot ASP flood that was experiencing very stable emulsions.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».