The Drink Driving Situation in Colombia
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the drink driving situation in Colombia. METHODS: The assessment was based on semistructured interviews of key stakeholders and analysis of secondary data. RESULTS: Road traffic crashes caused 5704 deaths and injured 39,318 people in 2010. The 3 main sources of crash data-forensic authorities, traffic authorities, and motor vehicle insurance agencies-provide different information about crashes, drivers, and victims, but they cannot be routinely merged. This together with the problem of identifying alcohol as the cause of a crash makes it difficult to estimate the role of drink driving in road crashes. In addition, reliable figures for the incidence of drink driving are not available from the random breath test programs because of sampling issues, underreporting, and missing data on negative results. However, it can be argued that alcohol plays a role in fatalities, because the proportion of crashes involving fatalities rises on weekends and between 12:00 a.m. and 05:59 a.m. when drink driving is likely to occur. Colombia has strict drink-drive laws that specify 3 levels of offense and sanctions (level I: 40- 99 mg/100 mL, level II: 100-149 mg/100 mL, and level III: 150 mg/100 mL or above). Drivers responsible for causing crashes with fatalities and injuries can be imprisoned under criminal law and sentences are increased by 50 to 100 percent if they test positive for alcohol. Enforcement includes random breath testing for alcohol, but its impact is weakened by the lack of a legal requirement to submit to a test and poor implementation of sanctions. There have been mass media campaigns against drink driving including one linked to a major enforcement initiative in 2008. However, there was a consensus that most campaigns were not focused sufficiently on increasing drivers' perceived risk of being caught. According to those interviewed, campaigns aimed at responsible consumption and the use of designated drivers appear to have had a growing positive effect, but these impacts have not been empirically assessed. The Road Prevention Fund is a Sui Generis institution in Colombia that has played a key role in tackling the drink driving problem. CONCLUSIONS: Legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits are on a par with international standards and the traffic authorities carry out regular roadside sobriety checks. However, the enforcement is weakened by poor implementation of sanctions. In addition, issues with data mean that the nature and extent of drink driving in Colombia cannot be accurately monitored.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».