Effect of Porous Media Topology on Foamed Gel Performance as Demonstrated by Flow Visualization Studies
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The use of foamed gels as blocking agents is an alternative method to reduce excessive gas or water inflow during oil production. Field trials have demonstrated that foamed gel is a very cost effective technology. However, the mechanisms of foam gel flow and blockage in porous media are not yet well recognized. In this work, a pore level approach has been taken to investigate the complex flow of foamed gels in porous media, through visual observations in transparent etched-glass micromodels. This paper presents experimental observations on foamed gel propagation in heterogeneous pore models. This work also evaluates the effect of foamed gel on gas and water mobility, the mechanisms of gas and liquid flow through a foamed gel network previously placed in the porous media, the effect of pore structure and foam texture on blockage effectiveness. The experimental observations reveal that foamed gels provide a higher flow restriction capability than conventional aqueous foams. Direct observations of foamed gel propagation at the pore level indicated that foamed bubbles are broken and reshaped within the porous media. Foamed gel blockage effectiveness increases with porous media permeability and conductivity. Finally, experimental results demonstrated that foam texture has an unquestionable influence on foamed gel blockage effectiveness. Introduction Foam is applied broadly as a mobility-control and profile modification agent for flow in porous media. Foam is a dispersion of a relatively large volume of gas in a small volume of a liquid. It is generated inside a porous medium when a liquid containing a foaming agent is mixed with either an externally injected or an in situgas (1), with the gas occupying typically 50% to 99% of the total volume. There is relatively little work in the literature regarding foamed-gels (2)–(9). In a previous paper (10) experimental work was performed in order to delineate the effects of foamed gel texture on trapping mechanisms and the resulting distribution and magnitude of trapped bubbles. Displacement tests on a 2D network micromodel were carried out to visualize at pore-level scale the trapping mechanisms of foamed gel in porous media. Additionally, a new X ray-Microtomography technique was used to evaluate the internal microstructure of foamed gel through layer-by-layer visualization of bulk foams (10). In the present study the propagation of foamed gel in heterogeneous etched-glass micromodels is reported, along with its effect on gas and water mobility. The specific objectives of the study were as follows:Evaluation of the propagation of foamed gel in heterogeneous pore models through direct observation.Determination of the mechanisms of gas and liquid flow through a foamed gel network previously placed in the porous media.Study of the effect of porous media permeability and conductivity on foamed gel plugging.Estimation of the influence of foam texture on foamed gel blockage capability.Determination of the foamed gel gas blockage effectiveness versus aqueous foam gas blockage capability. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Equipment and Materials Apparatus. Fig. 1 shows a schematic of the foam flow experimental set up (10).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».