Acid Corrosion Inhibitors with Improved Environmental Profiles
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract This paper discusses our successful efforts in developing new all oxygen based acid corrosion inhibitors that are biodegradable, non-bioaccumulating and low in toxicity, that meet industry standards for protection of carbon steel oilfield tubing up to 120°C (~250°F). These are environmentally acceptable inhibitors with the appropriate dispersibility and performance characteristics needed for critical applications in environmentally sensitive areas. Matrix acidizing treatments are employed to remove reservoir damage by introducing acidic solutions (usually hydrochloric acid, HCl) into the formation at pressures below those used in fracturing operations. HCl is also used in acid fracturing as an alternative to proppant fracturing. The use of HCl requires that an effective acid corrosion inhibitor be included in the treatment package to protect the well's hardware. Quaternary amines, including pyridine and quinoline quats, are frequently used as the active components in many corrosion inhibitors. While possessing excellent inhibition properties, the compounds are toxic to many forms of sea life, as well as to humans. Quats have been the backbone of the HCl acid corrosion control efforts for many years since they are very effective inhibitors and were often beneficial in improving the compatibility of the inhibitors with the HCl formulations. While oxygen based acid corrosion inhibitors are also in commercial use, they are usually formulated in conjunction with quats. As environmental regulations become more stringent, some compounds are being banned or are listed for substitution. In the United States and Canada, producers and service companies alike are developing product standards to improve their portfolios in an effort to proactively address environmental concerns and to be responsible corporate citizens. Our efforts were focused on developing oxygen-based inhibitors that met or exceeded the current regulations and requirements established by various governments, producers and service companies. The target was to formulate an inhibitor that contained only environmentally acceptable components, and specifically excluding propargyl alcohol, pyridine and quinoline quats, US EPA Priority Pollutants, nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE), BTEX, methanol, ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGMBE). Developing an all oxygen-based inhibitor proved to be quite challenging.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».