Analysis and Comparison of Paraffinic Field Deposits to Cold Finger Deposits on a Brazilian Campos Basin Crude Oil
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract A platform in the Campos Basin of Brazil experienced paraffin deposition issues in the inner-field flowline. The paraffin deposition rate was relatively low; however the deposited wax was hard and very sticky making pigging of the line difficult. Comprehensive advanced analyses and characterization of the crude oil and the deposit were conducted to determine the nature of the hardness and stickiness of the deposit. As part of the study, paraffin modifiers were tested to see their effect on the volume, hardness and stickiness of the deposit. The analysis on the deposit that was treated with the paraffin modifier showed a reduction in the components of the deposit that caused the hardness and stickiness of the deposit, resulting in a softer less sticky deposit that is easier to remove by pigging. FT-ICR MS analysis of the field deposit identifies an enrichment of the high molecular weight polar crude oil components that could be the reason for the stickiness of the deposit. Introduction Crude oils contain high molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons that may precipitate out of the crude oil and form a waxy solid phase when the oil is cooled (due to heat loss to the surroundings) during production and transport operations. Resultant plugging of the pipelines and clogging of transport equipment can often be a challenging problem to control and remediate.1-5 Pigging is one method of removing paraffin deposits from the pipe wall, but pigging programs can be ineffective if the deposited paraffin is hard and sticky. This problem has been experienced by a platform in the Campos Basin of Brazil due to the hard and very sticky nature of the paraffin deposit. The pigging program for the inner-field flowline has been difficult and it is unclear if the pigging program is effective in removing all of the paraffin deposit. A better understanding of the oil composition and the paraffinic hydrocarbons present in the crude oils was sought in order to recommend chemical mitigation strategy. Crude oil sample from the field and paraffinic field deposits were collected for a comprehensive characterization with various analytical techniques, and the effect of wax crystal modifiers was qualitatively examined as potential remediation for deposition. Differential Scanning Calorimetry was employed to study the wax crystallization behavior of the crude oil and the deposit. Paraffinic hydrocarbon distribution of the fluids was characterized with High Temperature Gas Chromatography (HTGC). Efficacy of the wax crustal modifiers was evaluated with established Pour point and Cold Finger Deposition tests. Compositional information on the crude oil sample and the untreated paraffinic field deposit and the lab generated cold-finger deposits was further elucidated via high resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Negative ion Electrospray Ionization (ESI) and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization (APPI) coupled to 9.4T Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) were applied to attain extensive compositional knowledge of the fluids' hydrocarbon and hetroaromatic matrix.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».