First report of dollar spot of <i>Agrostis stolonifera, Poa pratensis, Festuca arundinacea</i> and <i>Zoysia japonica</i> caused by <i>Sclerotinia homoeocarpa</i> in China
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa causes dollar spot disease on many warm and cool season grasses. In Asia, this disease has only been formally reported in Japan (Hsiang & Mahuku, 1999) and south China (Lv et al., 2010). In China, the first anecdotal reports of dollar spot disease on turf were from the late 1990s, mainly in south China. For the past few years, this disease has been observed on cool season turfgrasses in north China with increasing severity. Outbreaks at golf courses in Beijing were observed in 2008, 2009 and 2010, where disease was first seen in early spring and developed from late spring until temperatures exceeded 32°C in early summer. When temperatures dropped below this in late summer, the disease flared up again until mid-autumn. Maximum disease development usually occurred on turf deficient in nitrogen and water, especially with warm days and cool nights with heavy dew.Characteristic hourglass foliar lesions were at first chlorotic, and then appeared water-soaked and finally bleached, with typical reddish-brown borders. Small patches appeared on turfgrasses, with a typical incidence of patches of 1-5/m2 and up to 50/m2 under high disease levels. In late May 2009, disease samples were collected from several golf courses in Beijing, and fungal isolates obtained from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica). On potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, white fluffy mycelia covered the whole petri dish three days after incubation, and formed brown columnar structures in the centres by seven days. Cultures more than 14 days old became cinnamon coloured and formed dark brown or black substratal stroma. Four-week-old seedlings of A. stolonifera cv. T-1, P. pratensis cv. Nu-Glade, F. arundinacea cv. Arid 3 and Z. japonica cv. Lanyin No. 3 were inoculated with 5-mm-diameter mycelial plugs of respective isolates of the fungus from five-day-old PDA cultures, by placing plugs onto the leaves and incubating under humid conditions. White aerial hyphae and leaf lesions were observed within seven days after inoculation on all four species of turfgrass, but no disease was seen with sterile agar plugs as inoculum. The fungus was re-isolated from lesions to satisfy Koch's postulates. DNA from one isolate per host species was amplified with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers and sequenced to yield 610 bp fragments (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ924923-GQ924926). Sequences were analysed by BLAST against GenBank, and showed over 99% identity with ITS regions of sequences identified as S. homoeocarpa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first formal report of dollar spot disease on creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue or zoysia grass in China.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».