Understanding the Impact of Refined Product Properties on Synthetic CrudeOil and Bitumen Marketability
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract It is critical that companies upgrading heavy oil understand the impact of Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO) properties on the ability to market feedstocks to conventional refineries in the USA. Due to the proximity and existing pipeline infrastructure, the USA is a natural market for crude oils derived from Alberta's oil sands deposits. There are also significant political drivers for the USA to develop crude supplies in a country with which it has strong cultural, economic, and political ties. This paper outlines the key properties of refined distillates and discusses how these properties are affected by the various hydrocarbon components contained in bitumen derived crude oil. The impact of integrating bitumen and SCO into a conventional refinery are also discussed in terms of its ability to meet these important distillate specifications. Introduction Synthetic crude oil has unique properties compared to conventional crude oils that required special considerations. These qualities make upgrading bitumen to saleable products more difficult than upgrading a conventional sweet crude which has been the historical feedstock to US refineries. A conventional refiner in the US faces a number of issues when considering running bitumen derived feedstocks, either synthetic crude oil (SCO) or bitumen blends. Some of the processing issues include a lack of heavy conversion capacity, insufficient metallurgy to process high acid crude oils, and difficulties meeting final product specifications. This paper will focus on the difficulties in meeting key product properties while producing diesel, jet fuel, and FCC feed from SCO and bitumen. Bitumen Bitumen Characteristics In its natural state, bitumen is an extra-heavy oil with the consistency of roofing tar. It contains significant quantities of asphaltene material and is highly aromatic. Due to its heavy nature, bitumen has high levels of sulfur, nitrogen, and metals. Bitumen also contains organic acid compounds at levels high enough to cause serious corrosion issues in downstream processing units. On its own, bitumen cannot be sent directly to US refiners since it does not meet pipeline density and viscosity specifications. For bitumen to enter into US markets, it must be blended with a lighter material to form dilbit or synbit, or it must be upgraded to SCO. The diluent used for bitumen can be either a light hydrocarbon (gas condensate or naphtha) to form dilbit or a full range sweet synthetic crude oil to form synbit. Dilbit is approximately 20–30% condensate, while synbit is approximately 50% bitumen, 50% synthetic crude. The target pipeline specifications are gravity >19 °API and viscosity <350 cSt at the designated temperature (usually ground temperature). Product Properties Diesel Fuel Diesel fuels are considered to be the hydrocarbon compounds boiling between 500 – 650 °F. While outside of the USA and Canada, diesel is a significant light duty passenger vehicle transportation fuel, in the USA and Canada diesel is primarily used in heavy-duty transportation and industrial equipment. In the USA, on-road diesel (the largest diesel market1) properties must as a minimum meet the specifications in ASTM D-9752. Canadian automotive diesel quality is governed by CGSB 3–517, which is similar to the ASTM D-975 specification.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».