Mitigation of Ice Risk to Subsea Infrastructure
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract A review of the current capability within the industry is given for assessing the iceberg environment and iceberg keel / seabed structure interaction, with emphasis on operations relevant to the east coast of Canada. Consideration of calculating contact frequency and ice loads for iceberg keel impact is discussed, for both freely floating and gouging icebergs. Available environmental data for the Labrador Shelf and Grand Banks of Newfoundland are summarized. An overview of the operational experience of placing subsea production facilities in glory holes to provide protection from iceberg keels is provided, along with a review of studies related to the development of alternative solutions. Studies have been performed to investigate the feasibility of design and construction of cased (or silo) glory holes, external protection structures such as rock berms and steel or concrete structures, and the effects of direct impact scenarios such as the use of caisson wellhead systems. Ongoing efforts to improve the knowledge base, analytical capability and engineering solutions to predict the effect of iceberg keel loading on subsea oil and gas facilities are described. Obstacles to safe and economic development are identified, along with a discussion of methods that can be used to overcome these and provide practical solutions for future development. Background Over 25% of the world's petroleum reserves are believed to be in arctic regions and other offshore, ice frequented environments. As world energy demand increases, development of oil and gas resources in harsh ice environments is being increasingly considered by industry. The advancement of safe, cost-effective and reliable engineering solutions for subsea infrastructure in ice environments is a key requirement for sanctioning stand alone and marginal field developments. Subsea infrastructure requiring protection from ice keel contact includes components such as wellheads, production trees, manifolds, umbilicals, flowlines and pipelines. This paper describes an ongoing joint industry project that was initiated to address uncertainties and develop approaches to mitigate the risks associated with oil and gas development in ice-prone regions. The project comprises two components that address differences in approach for issues related to pipelines in Arctic regions, and subsea production facilities in sub-Arctic regions. It is funded by a combination of the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency through its Atlantic Innovation Fund and a number of large oil and gas operators. Project collaborators include private companies, government agencies and academic organizations.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».