Arabic Literature by Iraqi Jews in the Twentieth Century: The Case of Ishaq Bar-Moshe (1927–2003)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes S.D. Goitein, Jews and Arabs: Their Contacts Through the Ages (New York: Schocken Books, 1955), p.130. According to Bernard Lewis, to speak about a Judeo–Muslim heritage is undoubtedly historically no less justified than to speak about a Judeo–Christian one (‘The Judeo–Islamic Heritage’ [Hebrew], Pe'amim – Studies in Oriental Jewry 20 (1984), pp.3–13). Bat Ye'or, Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide (Lancaster: Gazelle Book Services, 2002), pp.316–7. See also N.A. Stillman, ‘The Judeo–Islamic Historical Encounter: Vision and Revision’, in T. Parfitt (ed.), Israel and Ishmael: Studies in Muslim–Jewish Relations (Richmond: Curzon, 2000), pp.5–6, which is a summary of the contributions towards establishing the myth of harmonious Muslim–Jewish relations prior to the rise of Zionism, as well as the counter myth emphasizing the darker side of Jewish history under Islam. Ishaq Bar-Moshe, Baytun fi Baghdad (A House in Baghdad) (Jerusalem: Rabitat al-Jami‘iyyin al-Yahud al-Nazihin min al-‘Iraq, 1983), p.231. Salman Darwish, Kull Shay’ Hadi’ fi al-'Iyada (All is Quiet in the Surgery) (Jerusalem: Rabitat al-Jami‘iyyin al-Yahud al-Nazihin min al-‘Iraq, 1981), p.200. ‘Abd al-Ilah Ahmad, Nash'at al-Qissa wa-Tatawwuruha fi al-‘Iraq 1908–1939 (The Rise of the Short Story and its Development in Iraq 1908–1939) (Baghdad: Matba‘at Shafiq, 1969), p.242. Cf. Shmuel Moreh, ‘The Intellectual Production of Iraqi Jews in the Arabic Language’ [Hebrew], in Jacob Mansour (ed.), Mehqarim be-‘Aravit uve-Islam (Arabic and Islamic Studies) (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University, 1978), II, p.61. In the 1940s, prominent intellectuals and educators from various Arab countries were teaching in educational institutions in Baghdad including Jewish schools, cf. D. Semah, ‘Mir Basri and the Resurgence of Modern Iraqi Literature’ [Arabic], al-Karmil 10 (1989), p.86. See al-Sharq al-Awsat (London), 24 May 1984, p.10. Cf. a similar case in Syria in which a Muslim journalist is stunned that Jewish students excel in Arabic exams; Norman A. Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times (Philadelphia and New York: The Jewish Publication Society, 1991), p.280. About a similar phenomenon in Egypt, see Sasson Somekh, ‘Lost Voices: Jewish Authors in Modern Arabic Literature’, in Mark R. Cohen and Abraham L. Udovitch (eds.), Jews Among Arabs: Contacts and Boundaries (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1989), p.14. Anwar Sha'ul, Qissat Hayati fi Wadi al-Rafidayn (The Story of My life in Mesopotamia) (Jerusalem: Rabitat al-Jami'iyyin al-Yahud al-Nazihin min al-‘Iraq, 1980), pp.119, 223; Darwish, Kull Shay’, p.202. Semah, ‘Mir Basri’, pp.88–9. The original text was first published in al-‘Iraq, 19 July 1921. The translation is based on the version which appears in Mir Basri, A‘lam al-Yahud fi al-‘Iraq al-Hadith (Eminent Jewish Personalities in the New Iraq) (Jerusalem: Rabitat al-Jami‘iyyin al-Yahud al-Nazihin min al-‘Iraq, 1993), II, p.9. For a slightly different version, see Philip Willard Ireland, Iraq: A Study in Political Development (New York: Russell and Russell, 1970 [1937]), p.466. Cf. D.B.E. Bell, The Letters of Gertrude Bell (London: Ernest Benn, 1930), p.495; M.H. Mudhi, ‘The Origin and Development of the Iraqi–Jewish Short Story from 1922–1972’, Ph.D Thesis (University of Exeter, 1988), p.21; Stillman, The Jews, 1991, pp.55–6, 260. On Arabic press by Jews, see ‘Press, Arabic’, in G. Abramson (ed.), Companion to Modern Jewish Culture (London and New York: Routledge) (in press). On various aspects of the Arabic literature of Iraqi Jews, see my articles ‘Cultural Changes as Reflected in Literature – The Beginning of the Arabic Short Story by Jewish Authors in Iraq’ [Hebrew], Pe'amim – Studies in Oriental Jewry, 36 (1988), pp.108–29; “Under the Patronage of Muhammad’: Islamic Motifs in the Poetry of Jewish Writers from Iraq’ [Hebrew], in T. Alexander et al. (eds.), History and Creativity in the Sephardi and Oriental Jewish Communities [Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Misgav Yerushalayim, 1994), pp.161–93; ‘Arabic Literature of Iraqi Jews – The Dynamics of the Jewish Cultural System and the Relationship with the Arabic Cultural System’ [Hebrew], Miqqedem Umiyyam, 6 (1995), pp.255–88; ‘Women in the Arabic Belles Lettres of Iraqi Jewry in the twentieth Century’ [Hebrew], Pe'amim – Studies in Oriental Jewry, 82, Winter (2000), pp.119–49; ‘Iraqi Jewry after 1945 – Literature, History and Historiography’ [Hebrew], Miqqedem Umiyyam, 7 (2000), pp.245–271; ‘My Heart Beats with Love of the Arabs: Iraqi Jews Writing in Arabic in the Twentieth Century’, Journal of Modern Jewish Studies I, 2 (2002), pp.182–203. Abbas Shiblak, The Lure of Zion – The Case of the Iraqi Jews (London: Al Saqi Books, 1986), p.28. See Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Maydani, Majma‘al-Amthal (The Assembly of Proverbs) (ed. Na‘im Husayn Zarzur) (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 1988), II, pp.441–2. On the poet and his loyalty, see also Julie Scott Meisami and Paul Starkey (eds.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature (London and New York: Routledge, 1998), II, pp.685–6. On Sa‘adia Gaon and his attitude to Arabic poetics, see Y. Tobi, ‘Sa‘adia Gaon, Poet-Paytan: The Connecting Link between the Ancient Piyyut and Hebrew Arabicised Poetry in Spain’, in T. Parfitt (ed.), Israel and Ishmael, pp.59–77; Y. Tobi, ‘The Reaction of Rav Sa‘adia Gaon to Arabic Poetry and Poetics’, Hebrew Studies, 36 (1995), pp.35–53. On Maimonides and his connection with Arab culture, see, Meisami and Starkey, II, pp.494–5. See M. Perlmann, Ibn Kammuna's Examination of the Three Faiths (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971). On Ibn Kammunah, see L. Nemoy, ‘New Data for the Biography of Sa'd ibn Kammunah’, Revue des Études Juives CXXII (1964), pp.507–10. On Ibn Sahl and the issue of his conversion, see the introduction by Ihsan ‘Abbas, in Ibn Sahl al-Andalusi, Diwan (Beirut: Dar Sadir, 1967), especially pp.33–7. See also Meisami and Starkey, I, p.367; A. Schippers, ‘Humorous Approach of the Divine in the Poetry of al-Andalus: The Case of Ibn Sahl’, in G. Borg and E. de Moor (eds.), Representations of the Divine in Arabic Poetry (Amsterdam and Atlanata, GA: Rodopi, 2001), pp.119–135. On Anwar Sha'ul and his work, see E. Marmorstein, ‘Two Iraqi Jewish Short Story Writers: A Suggestion for Social Research’, The Jewish Journal of Sociology I, 2 (1959), pp.187–200; Ahmad, Nash'at al-Qissa wa-Tatawwuruha, pp.237–56; Abraham Ben-Yaacob, Yehude Bavel be-Eretz Yisrael me-ha-Aliyot ha-Rishonot ‘ad ha-Yom (The Jews of Iraq in the Land of Israel from the First Emigrations till Today) (Jerusalem: Rubin Mass, 1980), pp.381–2; Shmuel Moreh, Short Stories by Jewish Writers from Iraq, Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1981), pp.81–7; Itzhak Bezalel, Kitve Sofrim Yehudim Sfaradiyim bi-Lshonot Yehudiyot ve-Zarot (The Writings of Sephardic and Oriental Jewish Authors in Languages Other than Hebrew) (Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University and The Ministry of Education and Culture, 1982), I, pp.307–8; Shmuel Moreh and Mahnmud ‘Abbasi, Tarajim wa-Athar fi al-Adab al-‘Arabi fi Isra'il 1948–1986 (Biographies and Bibliographies in Arabic Literature in Israel 1948–86) (Jerusalem and Shfaram: Dar al-Mashriq, 1987), pp.113–15; Mudhi, The Origin and Development, pp.191–30; The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edn, IX (1997), p.370 (by S. Moreh). For a list of Sha'ul's short stories published in newspapers and magazines, see Mudhi, The Origin and Development, pp.497–501. On al-Misbah, see Sha'ul, Qissat Hayati, 76–9; Orit Bashkin, al-Misbah (1924–1929) – Iton Yehudi ‘Iraqi (al-Misbah [1924–29] – A Jewish Iraqi Newspaper), MA Thesis (Tel-Aviv University, 1998). On al-Hasid, see Sha'ul, Qissat Hayati, 148–73. On Jewish press in Iraq in general, see ‘Isam Jum'a Ahmad al-Ma‘adidi, al-Sihafa al-Yahudiyya fi al-‘Iraq (Jewish Journalism in Iraq) (Cairo: Dar al-Dawliyya li-l-Ithtithmarat al-Thaqafiyya, 2001). On Shina, see Mir Basri, A‘lam al-Yahud fi al-‘Iraq al-Hadith (Eminent Jewish Men of Modern Iraq) (Jerusalem: Rabitat al-Jami‘iyyin al-Yahud al-Nazihin min al-‘Iraq, 1983), I, p.76; The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edn, IX (1997), pp.442–3 (by S. Moreh). Abu Tammam, al-Hamasa (Cairo: Muhammad ‘Ali Sabih, n.d.), I, p.36. See al-Misbah I,1 (10 April 1924), p.2. Sha'ul, Qissat Hayati, 119–24. On Murad Mikha'il and his work, see Moreh, Short Stories, pp.73–5; Mudhi, The Origin and Development, pp.105–11. On Basri and his work, see Moreh, Short Stories, pp.155–9; Bezalel, Kitve Sofrim Yehudim, I, pp.285–6; Mudhi, The Origin and Development, pp.157–72; Semah, ‘Mir Basri’, pp.83–122. On Darwish and his work, see E. Marmorstein, ‘An Iraqi Jewish Writer in the Holy Land’, The Jewish Journal of Sociology VI, 1 (July 1964), pp.91–102; Moreh, Short Stories, pp.111–18; Mudhi, The Origin and Development, pp.231–312; Shimon Ballas, ‘The Realistic Orientation in Shalom Darwish's Stories’ [Arabic], al-Karmil – Studies in Arabic Language and Literature 10 (1989), pp.27–60. For a list of Darwish's short stories published in newspapers and magazines, see Mudhi, The Origin and Development, pp.502–6. On Balbul and his work, see Moreh, Short Stories, pp.97–103; Mudhi, The Origin and Development, pp.145–53. Balbul published the first Iraqi–Jewish story which used colloquial (Islamic!) language, that is, ‘Sura Tibqa al-Asl’ (True Copy), in Ya'qub Balbul, al-Jamra al-Ula (The First Live Coal) (Baghdad: Matba‘at al-Ma‘arif, 1938), pp.97–103. On Obadya and his work, see Ben-Yaacob, Yehude Bavel, p.436; Moreh and ‘Abbasi, Tarajim wa-Athar, pp.161–3. The Iraqi critic Hamza al-Hasan refers to Obadya as ‘The greatest Iraqi poet still living, the last giant of poetry in Mesopotamia, the only Iraqi living poet who has lived and participated and recorded all the uprisings of the Iraqi people’ (al-Hiwar al-Mutamaddin, electronic journal, N. 534, 5 July 2003 [www.rezgor.com]). Cf. Dafna Zimhoni, ‘The Beginnings of Modernization among the Jews of Iraq in the Nineteenth Century until 1914’ [Hebrew], Pe'amim - Studies in Oriental Jewry 36 (1988), p.8. Shalom Darwish, ‘Relations Between Communal Institutions and the he-Halutz Underground Movement in Baghdad’ [Hebrew], in Zvi Yehuda (ed.), Mi-Bavel li-Yrushalayim (From Babylon to Jerusalem) (Tel Aviv: Iraqi Jews' Traditional Cultural Center, 1980), p.83. Cf. Sami Michael, Hofen shel ‘Arafel (A Handful of Fog) (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1979), p.77. On the Farhud, see H. Cohen, ‘The Anti-Jewish Farhud in Baghdad’, The Middle Eastern Studies 3.1 (Oct. 1966), pp.2–17; H.J. Cohen, The Jews of the Middle East 1860–1972 (Jerusalem: Israel Universities Press, 1973), pp.28–32; E. Kedourie, Arabic Political Memoirs and Other Studies (London: Frank Cass, 1974), pp.283–304; N. Rejwan, The Jews of Iraq, 3000 Years of History and Culture (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1985), pp.217–44; D. Silverfarb, Britain's Informal Empire in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iraq, 1929–1941 (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp.118–41. See D. Semah's letter in Ma'ariv, 26 Jan. 1989. Fadil al-Barak, al-Madaris al-Yahudiyya wa-l-Iraniyya fi al-'Iraq (Jewish and Iranian Schools in Iraq) (Baghdad: al-Dar al-‘Arabiyya, 1985), pp.245–52. According to Sami Michael (Ba-Mamahane, 22 March 1989, p.23). On Jewish Communist activity in Iraq, see Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements in Iraq (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp.650–1, 699–701, 1190–2; Shiblak, The Lure of Zion, p.59. On al-‘Usba, see Shmuel Moreh, Hibure Yehudim ba-Lashon ha-‘Aravit (Arabic Works by Jewish Writers) (Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, 1973), p.111; al-Ma‘adidi, al-Sihafa al-Yahudiyya fi al-‘Iraq, pp.64–6. On the League in general, see Usuki Akira, ‘The Anti-Zionist Movement Among the Iraqi Jews: Zionism, Arab Nationalism, and Communism in Iraq Immediately After the Second World War’, Journal of the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Saga University 21 (March 1989), pp.1–26. On the Jewish–Iraqi emigration to Israel, its causes and motives, see Mudhi, The Origin and Development, pp.58–91; M. Gat, The Jewish Exodus from Iraq 1948–1951 (London: Frank Cass, 1997). On Kedourie, see Sylvia Kedourie (ed.), Elie Kedourie CBE, FBA 1926–1992: History, Philosophy, Politics (London and Portland: Frank Cass, 1998); Nissim Rejwan, The Last Jews in Baghdad: Remembering a Lost Homeland (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004), pp.122–3, 150–68. Kattan published an autobiographical novel on his life in Iraq, Adieu Babylone (Montréal: Julliard, 1975), also published in English and Arabic: Farewell, Babylon (tr. S. Fischman) (New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1980); Wada'an Babil (tr. Adam Fathi) (Köln: Al-Kamel Verlag, 1999). On Kattan and his work, see al-Hayat (London), 11 Nov. 1994, p.16; The Scribe 66 (Sept. 1996), p.34; Sami Mahdi, al-Majallat al-'Iraqiyya al-Riyadiyya wa-Dawruha fi Tahdith al-Adab wa-l-Fann 1945–1958 (The Iraqi Avant-Garde Periodicals and their Role in the Modernization of the Literature and the Art) (Baghdad: Dar al-Shu'un al-Thaqafiyya al-‘Amma, 1955), pp.14–37; E. Benson and W. Toye, The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp.588–9. Zionists have been accused of bombing Jewish gatherings in Baghdad, such as the Mas‘uda Shem–Tov Synagogue on 15 Jan. 1951, in the hope of urging the Jews to leave Iraq. Referring to that accusation Elie Kedourie says that it ‘must remain an open question’ (The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies [London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1970], p.449, n.72). On this subject, see Gat (note 40), The Jewish Exodus, pp.175–91. See Anwar Sha'ul, Fi Ziham al-Madina (In the Turmoil of the City) (Baghdad: Sharikat al-Tijara wa-l-Tiba'a al-Mahduda, 1955); Mir Basri, Rijal wa-Zilal - Qisas wa-Suwar Qalamiyya (Men and Shadows: Stories and Written Pictures) (Baghdad: Sharikat al-Tijara li-l-Tiba‘a, 1955); Mir Basri, Nufus Zami'a (Thirsty Souls) (Baghdad: Sharikat al-Tijara li-l-Tiba'a, 1966). Al-Zaman, 1 June 1959. Sha'ul, Qissat Hayati, pp.120–4, 270–4, 335–7; Mir Basri, Rihlat al-‘Umr min Difaf Dijla ila Wadi al-Tims (Life's Journey from the Bank of the Tigris to the Valley of the Thames) (Jerusalem: Rabitat al-Jami‘iyyin al-Yahud al-Nazihin min al-‘Iraq, 1991), pp.145–6. Al-Samaw'al's fortress in Tayma’, north of al-Madina. Sha'ul, Qissat Hayati, pp.335–6. Phebe A. Marr, Yasin al-Hashimi: ‘The Rise and Fall of a Nationalist’, Ph.D. Thesis (Harvard University, 1966). Phebe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq (Boulder and London: Westview, 1985). For the entire poem, which was written in 20 April 1969, see Mir Basri, Aghani al-Hubb wa-l-Khulud (Songs of Love and Eternity) (Jerusalem: Rabitat al-Jami‘iyyin al-Yahud al-Nazihin min al-‘Iraq, 1991), pp.149–52. On the events that prompted the writing of these verses, see Basri, Rihlat al-`Umr, pp.139–44; M.S. Basri, ‘A Young American Lady and I’, The Scribe 62 (Sept. 1994), p.16. Cf. Sha'ul, Qissat Hayati, pp.329–33. Iton 77, Jan.–Feb. 1988, p.32. I use ‘Establishment’ advisedly. As much as a political establishment is based not on merit but on power, so cultural and literary establishment refers not just to literary and cultural elements within the community but to the power relations that structure it. It is that hegemonic group in a society's culture that has succeeded in establishing its interpretative authority over all other cultural groups, that is, a minority group of individuals within society, such as major critics and scholars, editors of literary periodicals, publishers, major educators, etc., who from the socio-cultural point of view are acknowledged as superior in some sense and who influence or control most segments of culture. Although the people-in-the-culture share in the process of defining the socio-cultural distinctions, it is the above cultural, literary and critical elite which has the decisive role in that process (cf. R. Snir, ‘Synchronic and Diachronic Dynamics in Modern Arabic Literature’ in S. Ballas and R. Snir, Studies in Canonical and Popular Arabic Literature (Toronto: York Press, 1998), p.93). In Israel, the cultural and literary establishment closely parallels the hegemonic Zionist structure of the state itself in that the canonical centre which ‘dictates' the prevailing features of Israeli culture is predominantly Ashkenazi western-oriented. On the literary activities of Iraq Jews in Israel during the 1950s, see my article “We Were Like Those Who Dream’: Iraqi–Jewish Writers in Israel in the 1950s', Prooftexts 11 (1991), pp.153–73. On Michael and his work, see Ben-Yaacob, Yehude Bavel, p.411; Moreh, Short Stories, pp.221–32; Bezalel, Kitve Sofrim Yehudim, p.294; Moreh and ‘Abbasi, Tarajim wa-Athar, pp.226–7; Gila Ramras-Rauch, The Arab in Israeli Literature (Bloomington, Indianapolis and London: Indiana University Press, 1989, 179–83); Sorrel Kerbel (ed.), Jewish Writers of the Twentieth Century (New York and London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2003), pp.373–4. On the general issue of the interactions of Hebrew and Arabic literature and the involvement of Iraqi Jewish in these see R. Snir, between Hebrew and Arabic Literature’ [Hebrew], in Y. (ed.), and Hebrew and Arabic: Contacts between Arabic Literature and Jewish Literature in the Middle Ages and Modern (Tel-Aviv: 1998), On and his work, see Ben-Yaacob, Yehude Bavel, Bezalel, Kitve Sofrim Yehudim, Moreh, Short Stories, Moreh and ‘Abbasi, Tarajim wa-Athar, Mudhi, The Origin and Development, Semah, ‘The Iraqi of [Hebrew], 7 (1989), R. Snir, Relations in the Literature and Periodicals of Iraqi [Hebrew], - Studies in Oriental Jewry ‘The I in Baghdad was My with [Arabic], of in Arabic Writing in Studies of and the Middle East and 2 The and critic the a in Arab culture, its has been a for that culture with in 7 15 March It is that about to of the during a on Arabic literature in the Israeli Sami Michael an Arab in was to on the to his was in an with the in The Jewish Winter the ‘The of Oriental Jews in Lost for the Jews of The the of the to have the Arab Jews, especially the as an of Arab and culture July The article in English translation in The the of Jewry published by the Jewish in (Sept. the translation some in which the that the above has only Israeli and Zionist the E. from – Israeli Writers from Iraq University of New York Press, 1996), Ishaq Bar-Moshe, al-‘Iraq Dar al-Mashriq, 1988), See his article in the Middle in Shmuel Moreh, ‘The of Ishaq Stories’ [Arabic], the Hebrew version, see On the see ‘Abd on the and Other Mudhi, The Origin and Development, the short story (The by translation was published in See R. Snir, in Arabic and for the story Dar On the see Mudhi, The Origin and Development, On the Arab were by see R. Snir, According to and ‘Abd 5 (1989), for the story On the see Mudhi, The Origin and Development, for the stories (The and (The of On the see Mudhi, The Origin and Development, Mudhi, The Origin and Development, the as ‘The of a The Origin and Development, In to view that and as as it and the of by the and in and by (Oxford: with an introduction and by The University of Press, See R. Snir, ‘The to ‘Abd in (ed.), Culture, Studies in Modern Arabic Literature York Press, 1993), not with the of the the of has that poetry is a for the for the of the and the the first refers to the and the to the which is its E. The and the Studies in Literature is to Mudhi, The Origin and Development, A of and London: University of Press, 1987), Cf. of ‘The who in the of is of of to but only of one new of from for in the that is, of Islam University of Press, 1983), Cf. (ed. (Beirut: Dar 1993), The story was also published in On the see also Mudhi, The Origin and Development, (Jerusalem: 1973), The story was also published in (Jerusalem: 1974), Shimon article in July (Jerusalem: The story was also published in The story was also published in On the see S. in Iton 77, On the role of in the life of Jewish intellectuals in Iraq, see in Bar-Moshe, al-‘Iraq, In the published fi in My The Ministry of Education and Culture, 1994), a on the in during his The his and of the culture living in Baghdad in the 1940s, all Iraqi intellectuals of his was by its cultural in the Arab Written the of and published only in Ishaq Bar-Moshe, min (Jerusalem: 1975), Bar-Moshe, min al-‘Iraq, For of the see in Jewish and Middle East June in (July 1975), Muhammad Abu and about the Book from July Shimon ‘The of the Iraqi Jews on the of their to (Oct. 1975), Sylvia G. of an The Times March The was also published in Bar-Moshe, Iraq (tr. (Jerusalem: The Sephardi For of the Hebrew version, see in May Sasson in Iton 77, in 11 Nov. as well as a in May Bar-Moshe, min is not within the of the and appears after and as to the of the the of the above of the and the as one of the as to the The novel was published in Hebrew a its in Arabic: Bar-Moshe, (tr. (Jerusalem: The Sephardi and The for the of Oriental Jewish Ministry of Education and Culture, On and his work, see Ben-Yaacob, Yehude Bavel, A. (ed.), to the New Israeli Writing Books, 1996), published on in The Iraq Times between June and and between May and also as the literary critic of the after the Elie Kedourie, for to The 26 1984, See 19 See also in the in as well as Muhammad in 21 Nov. For on the Hebrew version, see in 1 July M. in 6 May M. in Bar-Moshe, The are by the poet Ahmad 1930), who in of the of and the of and (Beirut: Dar English for Arab (tr. (London: Saqi Although about the writing of the the in Arabic literature has been so that of poetry have of Arabic For a of the see in Middle Eastern Studies, July (1991), In to the above for on life and see Ben-Yaacob, Yehude Bavel, from Moreh, Short Stories, Moreh and ‘Abbasi, Tarajim wa-Athar, M.H. with literary of the his is of an The Origin and Development, Bar-Moshe, fi For an to the of the by the Israeli in the history of the Jewish with and see ‘The of Jewish and in American A written and by an Iraqi by G. The of Jews in Journal of Middle East Studies R. Snir, in the Writing in Hebrew Studies On and his work, see from R. Snir, My [Hebrew], April R. Snir, as Reflected in Arabic and Hebrew Belles Lettres of Iraqi [Hebrew], – Studies in Oriental Jewry 1997), Jewish Writers of the Twentieth See S. Moreh and Yehuda (eds.), Yehudim of Jews and the Farhud in Iraq) The Jewry Center, For see his Nationalism, and (Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 2003), as well as his ‘The Jews of Iraq, Zionist and the of the of of Journal of Middle East Studies and the World of Jews from Arab in the of the Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, (2002), ‘The of and the Politics of Zionist and Arab Jews in Social (2002), See also his the for Israel, March for Jan. for Writers and in Iraq’ [Hebrew], Nov. Marmorstein, ‘Two Iraqi Jewish Short Story

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