Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The world's two largest oil deposits are the heavy and extra heavy oil deposits of Venezuela and Canada. These deposits have many similarities and some differences; however, the general similarity in geological disposition and history, in reservoir and fluid parameters, and in other factors, is striking. Extensive technological developments in Canada in the period 1985–2000 have resulted in several new heavy oil exploitation technologies, and new ideas continue to be generated. This innovative thrust has developed in part because of the great exploitation difficulties experienced in Canada and the greater maturity of the sedimentary basin: to maintain oil production, it was necessary to move toward heavy oil and oil sand development sooner than in Venezuela. The technologies of SAGD, CHOPS and PPT have been the major directions of technical activity in Canada, whereas in Venezuela, more favorable reservoir conditions allowed the use of multilateral horizontal wells. The article reviews technical developments and deposit properties in the two countries, and points to a vast potential in the application of technologies developed and perfected in Canada to the vast resources in Venezuela. Not only will this be of value in specific projects and areas, it will also benefit and stabilize world oil supplies in the long term. Introduction There are vast heavy oil deposits (defined herein to be all the liquid petroleum resource less than 20 °API gravity) in Venezuela and Canada. In both cases, these resources are found largely in unconsolidated sandstones with roughly similar geomechanical and petrophysical properties. This article will attempt a comparison of the Faja del Orinoco deposits in Venezuela (Figure 1) with the Heavy Oil Belt and Oil Sands deposits in Alberta and Saskatchewan (Figure 2). The term "unconsolidated" is used to describe the high porosity sandstone reservoirs in both Canada and Venezuela. It is analogous to the term "cohesionless" in the soils or rock mechanics sense: it is meant to convey the fact that these sandstones have no significant grain-tograin cementation, and that the tensile strength is close to zero. This turns out to be an important attribute in technology assessments. The magnitude of the resources in the two countries is vast, probably on the order of 3.5–4 trillion barrels of oil in place (bbl OOIP), but its scale deserves a few comments. Conservation authorities, through the use of geophysical logs and cores to analyze and examine the oil-bearing strata, determine a "total resource in place". This depends substantially upon a choice of "lower cutoff" criteria, below which an individual stratum is not included in the resource base. For example, any bed less than 1.0 m thick may be excluded from resource calculations, no matter where it is found. If a thin bed (e.g. 1.5 m) is separated by more than several m from superjacent or subjacent oil saturated beds, i.e. if it is "iolated", it may be excluded from the resource base, no matter what value of oil saturation (So) it possesses. Furthermore, any bed with a low oil saturation, such as So< 0.4, may be excluded.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,006 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».