Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract An exciting new future of large-scale carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery awaits Alberta's depleted oil fields. This paper presents the potential and how the necessary infrastructure could be developed. Such an infrastructure currently exists in the Permian Basin of West Texas and Southeast New Mexico, where over 28.17 106m3/day of carbon dioxide is injected for enhanced oil recovery. A number of factors have come, or are coming, together to form the environment where a comparable infrastructure may be possible in Alberta. A scoping evaluation of carbon dioxide sources and locations, reservoir locations, potential oil recovery, and capital costs to develop the infrastructure is carried out. The factors leading to a large-scale carbon dioxide industry are compared to the factors in place during the 1970s and 1980s, when most of the hydrocarbon miscible floods were initiated in Alberta. Finally, conclusions are drawn regarding the viability of the infrastructure proposed in this paper. Introduction Carbon dioxide (CO2), a simple molecule composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms, has been the subject of interest by the oil industry for over 25 years. Original interest was in its potential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). More recently, that interest has been eclipsed by its perceived role in global climate change, and the potentially negative business and economic implications of emitting CO2 into the atmosphere. A win-win situation could develop by constructing a province-wide infrastructure for CO2 collection and transmission that will address both interests: increased light oil recovery through EOR, and reduced CO2 emissions. Factors leading in this direction include:Declining reserves of light-medium oil. Alberta has enjoyed a long history of light oil production. However, new discoveries are not replacing production and reserves are declining, as illustrated in Figure 1. Current reserves are now approximately one third of proved reserves in 1977.FIGURE 1: Historical light-medium oil reserves for the province of Alberta. (Available in full paper)Environmental issues related to CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. There is an increasing concern by the public and government about controlling CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. The government of Canada showed its concern on the subject by signing the Kyoto Accord, which, if ratified, will commit Canada to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 94% of 1990 levels by 2012.Buoyant natural gas markets. Use of natural gas in hydrocarbon miscible floods (HCMF) was feasible in the past due to lack of markets and low prices. Current markets and prices most likely preclude its use in miscible flooding.Application of a Proven Technology. CO2 flooding has been used commercially since 1972 in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico, when injection began into the SACROC and North Cross projects(1). By early 1998 there were over 40 CO2 projects operating in the Permian Basin, with total CO2 injection of 28.17 106m3/d and incremental production of 23,850 m3/day. Factors that led to the success of CO2 in the Permian Basin include:Well developed CO2 infrastructureHigh quality, high productivity CO2 sources
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,006 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,010 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,019 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».