Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Process Control & Automation Technology (PCAT) has been well understood and utilized by the downstream petroleum industry for years. The upstream is a somewhat different story. Rig-site or wellsite automation, for instance, had been and still is perceived by many as impractical or an overkill. Undeniably, results of past experimentation with production automation had been far from conclusive. The primary reasons for such a checkered past are mostly technical and partially human. However, substantial technological advances in recent years are changing the picture. If the current trends hold, in a matter of say 5 to 10 years, the majority of wellsites in Canada will be automated. Operating wells and fields with automated control systems will become the norm, and PCAT will eventually evolve into yet another standard tool for the upstream oilpatch. As a result, production personnel - engineers, technicians, field operators, and even administration and supporting staffs must learn to adapt to survive. Production automation is a tedious, and at times, confusing subject because it combines a wide range of engineering disciplines from production to process design, to instrumentation, control, and electronics, with the constantly evolving computer technologies. This paper will attempt to shed some light on this PCAT subject from a user's and non-specialist's perspective, and explore some of the recent developments that will likely have a significant impact on the petroleum industry. Introduction Instrumentation and process control are standard technologies for any fluid flow operation in the oilpatch, from the reservoirs all the way to the consumers, passing through wellbores, wellheads, wellsites, pipelines and various levels of treating and handling facilities. Prior to the 1940s, all process control devices were mechanical (pneumatic or hydraulic) or electromechanical in nature. The invention of transistor in 1947 ushered in the electronic age, whereby sophisticated electronic sensors and control devices were quick to follow, and would eventually become indispensable in the industrial world. The petroleum industry has always been a leader in nurturing new technologies, and PCAT was no exception. By 1959, an oil refinery in Texas would turn out to be the first commercial deployment of a full-fledged computer-based control system in human history. With the heavy development of integrated circuit and mainframe computer during the 1960s and 1970s, and with the introduction of programmable logic controller (PLC) in 1969, automation quickly spread to all segments of the downstream business. All sorts of processing plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, pipeline and truck-based transportation networks, right down to the point-of-sale systems in our friendly neighbourhood gas stations would be automated in time. Nowadays, it would be a real oddity to find any such downstream facilities not operated by some forms of automation, and it is hard to imagine how such facilities could have been operated on what was largely a manual basis back then. On the upstream side though, progress had been very slow, and at times, nonexistent.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».