Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The need for valuation of the costs of waste in terms of environmental degradation, not in terms of abatement or avoidance costs, is required. Additionally, the need to enforce these environmental costs into the industrial decision-making process at the formative stages of energy policies will result in a sound environmental policy. It is in the interest of industry to take a pro-active stance rather than oppose such measures. The international agenda must not only recognize the need for balanced, environmentally sound development and end use of all of our energy resources but must also incorporate equal weight with other factors and must be such that no one nation is competitively compromised. Strengthening the level of international cooperation, coordination, and communication among all energy researchers in all areas of energy research and placing education at the forefront will result in a knowledge base wherein policy issues will translate into research issues and the results of research into policy solutions. Environmental factors integrated in the earliest stages of formation of energy policies and research, rather than as an add-on at the end, will facilitate the timely development of energy systems and maintain and protect the quality of our natural environment. One of the complimentary results will be the harnessing of human resources which has been one of the greatest obstacles to modernization and the rational use of energy resources. The emerging nations who are experiencing economic growth rates double that of the developed nations place an urgency on the need to enhance and strengthen the international links among energy researchers and policy makers. Introduction Pollution threatens our natural capital, the productive value of land, air and water, therefore it threatens our very existence. The definition of natural capital by Costenza and Daly(1) is defined as a stock that yields a flow of valuable goods and services into the future. This is viewed as an environmental issue by the public at large but in actual fact it is a market failure, hence, it is an economic problem. This arises from the fact that whenever a commodity is undervalued there is a natural propensity to increase the demand until the price rises and restores equilibrium. Decisions will then be based on this new equilibrium position. On the other hand, if the commodity is continuously undervalued or is free it will result in an inefficient use of the resource. This is the basis to the problem of pollution. Costs borne by society are in general invisible even though society continues to discard the wastes of economic activity into the environment. These externalities or third party effects, either positive or negative, are imposed on parties not directly involved in the production or use of the energy resource. This is one category of social costs and benefits which are usually not taken into consideration in an unregulated market or consumptive decision-making process. If air, land and water had always had a market price, their values would have been recognized in economic terms and pollution would be minimized.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,012 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».