Evolution of Foamed Gel Confined in Pore Network Models
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Conventional foams and foamed gels present a variety of relevant properties that make them suitable for use in the oil and gas sector. Some applications include drilling operations, CO2 foam injection, steam foam, foam-assisted water alternate gas (WAG), and gas shut-off techniques to control excessive gas production in oil wells. Foamed gels have also demonstrated great potential as gas and liquid diverting fluids. Furthermore, foam systems can be injected into rock formations as an important means for CO2 and green gases recycling. In foamed gel applications, an issue of particular interest is understanding the evolution of partially gelled foam bubbles confined in porous media. This is significant because after foamed gel placement in porous media, the pore level configuration of the gelled lamellar structure determines the fluid diverting performance of mature foamed gel barriers. This paper reports the experimental results of a pore level visualization study conducted to evaluate the evolution of foamed gel after placement in porous media as a function of aging time. In addition, the experiments assisted in the examination of the effect of rock wettability, foamed gel texture, type of gas used for foamed gel formulation, and type of oil that saturates the porous media and how these play on the evolution of the confined foamed gel. Etched-glass micromodels and Helle-Shaw cells were used to visualize the growth of foamed gel bubbles as a function of time. Through image analysis, changes in bubble sizes were quantified and statistically analyzed. Laboratory evidence indicates that right after immature foamed gel placement in etched-glass micromodels, significant changes in bubble size occur. After the first 20 hours of foamed gel placement inside the pore network model, bubble growth levels off. The lamellar structure in the micromodel reaches a stable configuration, which remains steady for an indefinite period if external instabilities are absent. Quite the opposite was observed when the same foamed gel was placed in a Helle-Shaw cell. In this case, due to the absence of geometric restrictions, homogeneous bubble shapes and rapid bubble growth were observed. The experimental results demonstrated that porous media wettability, foamed gel texture, the type of gas used for foamed gel production, and the type of oil that saturates the pore models significantly influence the evolution of foamed gel confined in porous media. Introduction In spite of the well known limitations of etched-glass micromodels and Helle-Shaw cells in representing reservoir rocks(1–3), if the visual observations of pore level behaviour are conducted away from the model boundaries, the underlying capillary phenomena do represent those occurring in reservoir media(3). Thus, micromodels facilitate the direct visualization of fluid interfaces movement, making it possible to gather qualitative and semi-quantitative information of foam propagation in porous media, especially on the specific mechanism of foam performance under practical physical situations(1). This explains why the current accepted theories on foam flow have been largely assembled on the basis of pore model observations(4).
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».