Preliminary Considerations on Application of Steamflooding in a Toe-to-Heel Configuration
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract With the advent of horizontal wells, a distinct change is tacitly taking place in our approach to the improved recovery of heavy oil—from displacing mobilized oil in a flood pattern from injector to producers over long distances on the order of hundreds of metres to short-distance oil displacement (SDOD) processes (typically over a few tens of metres). SDOD processes comprise Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) and Toe-to-Heel (TTH) Displacement Processes, which comprise Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI), with its variant catalytic THAI (CAPRI), and Toe-to-Heel Waterflooding (TTHW). Presently SAGD is commercially used, while THAI has been under field testing for 3 years; testing of CAPRI is scheduled to start in 2010. TTHW has been under field testing both in the US and Canada for more than 4 years. Steamflooding in a TTH configuration (TTH steamflooding) uses vertical wells as injectors and horizontal wells as producers, arranged in a staggered line drive, with producers having their toes close to the shoes of vertical injectors; the horizontal section of producers is located at the base of the pay. The vertical wells are used for initiating the steam front, which subsequently is anchored at the toe of the horizontal producer; it is then propagated towards the producer's heel. In TTH steamflooding, the existing deficiency of conventional steamflooding schemes in terms of low vertical sweep is overcome by the beneficial use of gravity. To investigate the potential of TTH steamflooding, some laboratory tests were conducted. The objective was to assess the feasibility of TTH steam and thermo-solvent flooding (steam+propane co-injection) by carrying out 3D model experiments using heavy oil with a viscosity of 15,000 cP. Laboratory results showed that the concepts of TTH steamflooding and TTH steamflooding with solvent are feasible. All in all, stability of TTH steamflooding was relatively good, while the stability of TTH steamflooding with the addition of nitrogen or propane was much better. Significant improvements in design and operation of these processes were needed in order to promote override during the early phase, and obtain a stable and efficient process. The improvements included a cold (gas fingering) and a hot (steam-based) communication phase; and controlling lateral spread of steam by using two additional vertical control wells (positioned laterally but close to the heel of the horizontal producer) for conducting a limited steamflood. Nitrogen was injected along with steam in the conventional steamflood; propane replaced nitrogen in TTH steamflooding with solvent.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
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Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,009 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».