Micellar Flooding and ASP-Chemical Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Chemical flooding methods hold particular attraction for recovering the "residual oil" left in the reservoir after waterflooding. This paper describes and compares the results for two promising methods, viz. micellar flooding and alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding processes. Both of these methods have been tested successfully in the field, notably micellar flooding. Laboratory results are described for micellar floods in consolidated sandstone cores as well as in unconsolidated sand packs, including a three-dimensional model, equipped with horizontal or vertical wells. Floods were also carried out in unconsolidated cores using combinations of an alkali, surfactant and a polymer. Individual slugs were injected sequentially in some of the experiments, while the three components were mixed and injected as a single slug in other experiments. Oil recoveries in the two cases were similar. Results for the two processes are compared and contrasted, showing that, on the basis of oil volume recovered per unit mass of the chemical used, the two processes are similar, with micellar flooding having an edge. However, on the basis of total oil recovery, micellar flooding is the superior process, with oil recoveries ranging from 50 to 80﹪ of the oil left in the porous medium after a waterflood. Practical implications of the results are discussed. Introduction Among chemical flooding methods, micellar flooding and alkaline- surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding processes are particularly effective for recovering a large fraction of the conventional oil (25 °CDATA[API, or higher) left in the reservoir after a waterflood, which could be as much as 60﹪ of the original oil in place. Many field tests of the micellar flooding process and several of ASP have established the effectiveness of these methods for mobilizing waterflood residual oil. The present laboratory study compares and contrasts the two processes, based on tertiary floods in sand packs and Berea sandstone cores. A number of investigators have noted the use of an alkali for reducing the divalent ion content and increasing the negative charge of the rock with a view to reducing chemical loss(1,2). Surkalo(3) reported the alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) process as an alternative to micellar flooding. Several field tests have also been reported. Another function of alkali, if the Acid No. of the crude oil is large enough (> 0.5 mg KOH/g crude oil) is that the alkali may react with the acid components to form a surfactant in situ. Other factors, such as gravity segregation of alkali solutions, rate of diffusional and mechanical mixing, and subsequent mixing of surfactant formed would limit the effectiveness of this mechanism. The Process Chemical flooding methods are based on improving the mobility ratio, i.e., making the mobility of the displacing flood less than or equal to the mobility of the displaced fluid, and increasing the capillary number, mainly by making the interfacial tension (IFT) between the displacing and the displaced phases small, usually by about 1,000 fold. Other effects are also present, such as formation of macro- and microemulsions, formation of precipitates, wettability changes, relative permeability shifts, etc. Macroemulsions may improve the mobility ratio through drop entrainment and entrapment. At the same time, surfactant adsorption occurs on the rock surface.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».