Pentane as a Potential Candidate for ES-SAGD and Hybrid Processes: Its Phase Behaviour with Bitumen
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a promising method for producing oil sand in Alberta; however, it has been suffering from high energy and water consumption and significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Solvent-based processes represent an alternative to steam-based processes but they have their own drawbacks. The main problem with solvent-based processes is a relatively low production rate because they rely on diffusion and dispersion mechanisms, which are very slow processes. To overcome the limitations of steam and solvent processes, hybrid processes have been proposed in which steam and solvent are co-injected. As a result, several recovery techniques, such as expanding-solvent SAGD (ES-SAGD) and steam-alternating solvent (SAS), were proposed and patented. However, there is a fundamental lack of basic data and mechanistic knowledge relevant to solvent/heat-assisted-recovery processes. Even the most fundamental experimental data, such as the solubility of commonly used solvents in bitumen, is not available. The quantitative effects of solvent on bitumen viscosity and density, and phase behaviour are also not well understood. Pentane as a potential additive to steam-based processes has saturation pressure close to steam at in situ thermal process; thus, pentane and its mixtures with other hydrocarbons can be considered for bitumen and heavy oil recovery. In this study, the phase behavior of pentane / Athabasca bitumen mixtures was experimentally studied. The measurements include the properties of phases such as solvent solubility, number of phases, and composition, density, and viscosity of each phase as well as the possibility of asphaltene precipitation. The experiments were conducted over wide range of temperatures (23–200°C) and at pressures (1–10 MPa) which cover single liquid, liquid-liquid and vapor-liquid equilibrium conditions. The results showed that the solubility of pentane in bitumen was relatively high even at high temperatures leading to significant density and viscosity reductions. The asphaltene was separated as a second liquid phase rather than a solid phase, and there was a transition zone between single liquid and liquid-liquid regions in which the asphaltene was instable in the system. A significant reduction in density and viscosity of bitumen was observed with the dissolution of pentane over studied temperature condition.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».