Development and Testing of the HydraStar Underwater Mateable, Fiber-Optic, Electric (Hybrid) Connector
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Longer step-out distances, higher data rates and increased electrical noise levels in the umbilical have combined to create a need for fiber optic data links between subsea equipment and the surface operators. For the subsea industry to take full advantage of optical communications requires the use of an underwater mateable optical connector. Subsea mateable optical connectors enable the industry to build modular components that can be assembled on the seafloor and make disconnections and reconnections for future expansion or maintenance purposes. This paper presents an overview of the design, development, testing and track record of such a connector, the next generation Lockheed Martin developed SEA CON®HydraStar connector system. It is also shown that because of the HydraStar's reliability and high technical integrity the Operator can make significant cost savings in CAPital EXpenditure (CAPEX) and OPerating EXpenditure (OPEX). Background There are increasing economic pressures on Offshore Operators to optimize production from subsea oil and gas reservoirs. This includes new reservoirs that are more remote, in deeper water or increasingly complex. The rapid development of modern technology has facilitated the discovery, exploitation and enhanced production of these reservoirs. Examples of how this has been achieved:Increasingly sophisticated and significantly faster seismic streamer array processingMore sophisticated and complex deepwater drilling systemsThe use of high power transmission systems which rule out conventional electrical data communications due to high electrical noise levels (Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI))Fast data transfer from subsea to topside enables immediate assessment of;Reservoir performance and optimizationHealth and status of subsea equipment (for safety and to better understand equipment maintenance regimes)Raw subsea dataIncreasingly sophisticated subsea and downhole control and monitoring systems to cater for;Intelligent subsea well systemsMultilateral well systemsSeparation and processing systemsProduction boosting systemsFast control to ensure subsea/downhole high power pumps and motors can be safely controlled within operational parameters at remote distancesDownhole and/or subsea electrical and/or optical instrumentation such as pressure, temperature, flow rate, water cut, 3-phase measurements, oil-in-water, water-inoil, seismic sources and sensors etc. to provide more and accurate information about the depleting or changing state of the reservoirsDownhole high temperature electronics systems or optical systems because higher downhole and reservoir well temperatures mean conventional electronics cannot be used reliablyHigher subsea electrical voltage and power requirements for subsea and downhole systems and applications that cater for longer step-outs and deeper water. To assist the use of this type of technology subsea requires communication systems that can transfer data at much faster rates (i.e. higher bandwidth) than currently available using conventional electrical communication systems. It is the advent and use of optical communications systems that has helped these technologies to develop and will continue to facilitate them in their application for use in subsea oil and gas environs. Introduction In general there are three main reasons to use optical communication systems:
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».