Estimating the Compressive Strength of the Porcine Cervical Spine
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In Brief Study Design. The failure strength of porcine spinal units was correlated with vertebral size and bone mineralization. The accuracy of the resulting predictive equations was tested with an independent sample of spinal units. Objectives. To determine if dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-obtained measures of bone mineralization can be used to accurately predict the compressive tolerance of porcine spinal units. Summary of Background Data. Porcine spinal units are often used in place of cadaveric tissues, and normalization is used to improve the transferability of model results. In compressive testing, normalization can be performed to the estimated compressive strength. Bone mineralization measures have been shown to be positively correlated with compressive tolerance and have been used to predict the tolerance of human spinal units. However, the accuracy of these predictive equations has not been assessed with an independent sample. Methods. Twenty porcine cervical spinal units were scanned (DXA) to obtain measures of bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD). The units were compressed to failure, and the failure loads were correlated with the measured bone mineralization and endplate area of the spinal unit. The regression equations were used to predict the compressive tolerance of an independent sample of spinal units. Results. BMC (P = 0.078) and BMD (P = 0.2834) were not significantly correlated to compressive strength. Endplate area was the most highly correlated variable, with an r2 of 0.5329. The use of a predictive equation including BMC on the second independent sample resulted in errors of estimation of 1.4 ± 1.2 kN, corresponding to 13% of the average compressive strength. In comparison, the use of an equation employing endplate area alone resulted in estimation errors of 11%. Conclusions. Measures of BMC/BMD did not enhance predictions of compressive strength and will not reduce errors in compressive load normalization in a porcine model. The poor correlations found between BMC and compressive strength may be due to the non–load-bearing anterior processes of the porcine cervical spine. This study was performed to determine if dual energy x-ray absorptiometry-obtained measures of bone mineralization can be used to accurately predict the compressive tolerance of porcine spinal units. Endplate area (r = 0.73) was significantly correlated to compressive strength, whereas bone mineral content (r = 0.28) and bone mineral density (r = 0.18) were poorly correlated. All of the examined methods resulted in estimation errors of 10% or greater, which should be considered if these estimates are used in load normalization procedures.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».