Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Spectacular! It is the only word that can be used to describe the rapid growth in the advancement of horizontal well technology that has taken place over the past 14 years in the petroleum industry. This is the most exciting development that this industry has known. The history of horizontal drilling in North America, although brief, has been one filled with dramatic developments. Nearly 95% of all the horizontal wells drilled in the world are in Canada and the United States. The development of horizontal well technology in the US brought revolutionary advances to the drilling sector such as the development of poly-crystalline compact bits, downhole drilling motors, top-drive drilling rigs, logging-while-drilling, geo-monitoring with steerable drill systems, and re-entries from existing vertically cased wells with coiled tubing. These achievements were accomplished mainly in the Austin Chalk of Texas (1989) and the Bakken shales of North Dakota (1991). These tools brought a higher drilling rate, lower drilling cost, reduced rig time, better interpretation of the drilling bit position, and faster geological descriptions. In Canada, on the other hand, because of the larger variety of target reservoirs and geological settings, the synergistic interdisciplinary approach created unique solutions with significant qualitative improvements in implementation. The first Canadian well was drilled in 1978 and over 14,700 wells have been licensed to date. We never dreamt ten years ago that drilling would use tools which provide real time data about the reservoir with the aid of LWD (logging-while-drilling) or MWD (measurement-while-drilling) systems. Today, we use a rotary closed loop drilling system, which combines the performance of continuous rotary drilling with precise placement, all made possible by LWD sensors and automated downhole guidance systems; this enables the driller to find the right path in the reservoir. On the production side, there are a variety of multilateral well junctions in order to assure the functionality of multilateral horizontal wells with regard to the access for cleaning, sands/solids barrier, and isolation. Sperry Sun introduced the lateral tie back system (LTBS) that allows multilateral branches to be drilled and cased from a single horizontal wellbore, followed by innovative production techniques based on progressing cavity pumps. This new solution brought high handling efficiency and considerable savings in production costs. Canadian Western Natural Gas drilled the first underbalanced well with natural gas (not with air or nitrogen) in a gas storage, low pressure, and water sensitive reservoir. The use of natural gas, although it involves unprecedented high safety standards, it allows, at the same time, to minimize the formation damage that is essential in order to maintain demanding deliverability requirements. In low permeability gas reservoirs, several projects have been promising in reservoirs that could not have been exploited otherwise. In naturally fractured reservoirs, in the Midale carbonate beds in Weyburn, PanCanadian created an innovative solution by placing the wells parallel to the fractures rather than perpendicular to them, as had been routinely practised. The intent was to avoid water being drawn upwards from fractures that extend both vertically and laterally.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,004 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,008 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,006 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,027 | 0,006 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».