Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction Solution gas drive in heavy oil reservoirs (with viscosity in the range of 10 to 1,000 poise and API gravity in the range of eight to 15), which is often referred to as cold production, has a long production history in Canada. In a recent review paper, Dusseault et al.(1) presented the information that more than 5,000 wells in Canada have produced heavy oil by cold production. In addition to Canada, cold production from heavy oil reservoirs has been practiced in Venezuela(2), China(3), and Oman(4). Recoveries from some of the heavy oil reservoirs by cold production are estimated to be as high as 20﹪. The high recovery is often associated with a low pressure decline rate in the reservoir and the slow increase of GOR in the two-phase below the bubblepoint, as well as geomechanical effects. Recoveries in the range of 10 to 20﹪ below the bubblepoint pressure are believed unusual for very heavy oils. In this overview, we will briefly review the literature and then provide some insight into the relevant mechanisms for cold production. Literature Review An early paper by Smith(5) set the stage for the understanding of cold production from solution gas drive in heavy oil reservoirs. In his work, Smith provides an analysis of solution gas drive in heavy oil reservoirs from the examination of field data. He attributes the high efficiency of solution gas drive in viscous oils to:a significant reduction (around one order of magnitude) in the oil viscosity due to formation of small gas bubbles in the oil,simultaneous flow of continuous oil phase and discontinuous gas phase in the form of tiny bubbles,an increase in absolute permeability due to sand production, andhigh fluid compressibility due to high gas bubble density in the oil. In order to validate some of the postulations by Smith, the bulk of research has focused on the socalled pseudo-single phase model. In the pseudo-single phase model, a new terminology has evolved to distinguish solution gas drive in heavy oil reservoirs. The so-called foamy oil terminology was introduced in 1992 by Sarma and Maini(6); it was defined as a viscous (heavy) oil containing dispersed gas bubbles. Claridge and Prats(7) used the term " foamy heavy oil" and " foamy crude" mainly to imply drastic reduction in the oil viscosity due to dispersed as bubbles. The term " foamy oil" has had a wide acceptance because the oil samples at the wellhead produced from the reservoirs seem to be in the form of oil-continuous foam, with the appearance of chocolate mousse, and may contain a large volume of dispersed gas bubbles. Hu et al.(3) report that the density of the produced oil from a heavy oil pilot well from the Henan oil field in China is about 0.58 g/cm3, while the density after all the gas has left the oil (which may take several days) is 0.95 g/cm3.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,005 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».