Optimized CO2 Miscible Hydrocarbon Fracturing Fluids
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract CO2 miscible hydrocarbon fracturing fluids have proven to be a very effective gas well stimulation tool in Canada and the United States. A key reason for their success has been that they circumvent phase trapping associated with aqueous fluids and achieve rapid fracturing fluid recovery through a methane-drive mechanism. This technology is taking on new economic significance because of increased unconventional gas development and sustained higher energy prices. Reservoirs including tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane are becoming a critically important component of current and future gas supply. These reservoirs often present unique stimulation challenges. The use of water-based fracturing fluids in low-permeability reservoirs may result in loss of effective fracture half-length caused by phase-trapping effects associated with the retention of a large portion of the introduced water-based fluid in the formation. SPE 75666,1 presented in 2002, described the theoretical basis of CO2 miscible hydrocarbon fracturing fluids in this technology and provided a step-by-step application process. The paper was based on work published by Gruber and Anderson in CIM 95-45. 2 Improved methods of application have been arrived at through field application of this technology in conjunction with additional lab studies. The objective of this paper is to present the findings in the form of one optimized system applicable to all gas-well stimulation applications. Supporting data including viscosity curves and friction data based on actual ISIP measurements is included. The paper also discusses selection of tubulars and flowback procedures in detail. It should be possible to successfully apply the technology to low permeability gas reservoirs through application of the methods described in this paper. This could potentially include some shale gas developments in the future, an area of rapidly growing focus in Canada. Introduction Unconventional gas reservoirs including tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane are becoming a critically important component of current and future gas supply. These reservoirs often present unique stimulation challenges. The use of waterbased fracturing fluids in low-permeability reservoirs may result in loss of effective frac half-length caused by phase trapping associated with the retention of the introduced water-based fluid into the formation. This problem is increased by the water-wet nature of most tight gas reservoirs (where no initial liquid hydrocarbon saturation is or ever has been present) because of the strong spreading coefficient of water in such a situation. The retention of this increased water saturation in the pore system can restrict the flow of produced gaseous hydrocarbons such as methane. Capillary pressures of several thousand psi can be present in low-permeability formations at low watersaturation levels. The inability to generate sufficient capillary drawdown force using the natural reservoir drawdown pressure can result in extended fluid-recovery times, or permanent loss of effective fracture half-length. Furthermore, use of water in subnormally saturated reservoirs may also reduce permeability and associated gas flow through a permanent increase in water saturation of the reservoir. Secondary costs such as rig time for swabbing can add to the negative economic impact.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».