The Hydratherm Hybrid Drilling Systems For Cheaper Heavy Oil Recovery
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Nearly 20 years of research and field testing has resulted in the development of Hydratherm ™'s hybrid drilling system, which uses ultra-high pressure (UHP) drilling fluid jets and/or a variable thermal spallation gas jet. The gas jet subjects the host rock to pulsed heat fluxes at temperatures ranging from 200 °CDATA[C to 1,100 °CDATA[C, producing thermal expansion and strength reduction of the rock-forming minerals. The UHP jets then quench, cut and erode the rock momentarily after heating. The combined mechanisms enable ultra-fast rock penetration (20 - 50 m/hr in hard rock) by means of spallation, erosion, fracturing, chipping and cutting. This technology should bring about exciting developments in heavy oil recovery, tar sand and oil shale exploitation, as well as having wider applications in mining, tunnelling and geothermal energy recovery ("HDR heat mining"). Introduction When polycrystalline rock is heated rapidly, the outer surface expands first and thin flakes or chips are shed due to tensional stress. These are known as spalls, and the process as spallation. The process has been adapted as a drilling technique, and spallation drilling systems have been in common use for over 50 years in mining and quarry work. All have used air or oxygen and fuel, with water being used for cooling purposes only. Spallation systems offer a number of advantages over rotary drilling systems, not the least of which is that penetration rates in "hard" rocks can be extremely rapid. Because the burner (drill) head does not actually contact the rock face, wear on the equipment is kept to a minimum. As the drill string does not rotate, there is no torsional stress, further reducing wear and also the tendency of holes to wander off course. Flame jet spallation burners have already been developed to the extent whereby one was used to make a 335 m (1,100 ft.) hole at Conway, New Hampshire, USA(1). However, these apparently ideal drilling systems do not work in all rock types, but only in those which are able to sustain a rapid build-up of heat without undergoing partial melting. In practical terms, this ends to be those rocks which have a high quartz content. Some rocks are almost unspallable. It is primarily this limitation which has meant that spallation systems have not been adapted for soft rock drilling work in sedimentary basins. There are also considerable practical difficulties to supplying fuel and oxygen to a burner head operating at depth. The search for a solution to these problems has resulted in the drilling systems described in this paper. It is known that low temperature spallation is more efficient than high temperature spallation in rocks with low brittle-to-ductile transformation temperatures (e.g., certain limestones)(2). Therefore, a means of controlling the thermal flux from the spallation head is essential if such rocks are to be cut. The chosen solution was to design a system that could supply water to the rock face whilst simultaneously delivering fuel and air to the burner head. This is done at ultra-high pressure so as to impose another destructive mechanism on the rock.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».