Fatty acid-dependent globotriaosyl ceramide receptor function in detergent resistant model membranes

Glycosphingolipid (GSL) fatty acid strictly regulates verotoxin 1 (VT1) and the HIV adhesin, gp120 binding to globotriaosyl ceramide within Gb3/cholesterol detergent resistant membrane (DRM) vesicle constructs and in Gb3 water-air interface monolayers in a similar manner. VT2 bound Gb3/cholesterol vesicles irrespective of fatty acid composition, but VT1 bound neither C18 nor C20Gb3vesicles. C18/C20Gb3 were dominant negative in mixed Gb3 fatty acid isoform vesicles, but including C24:1Gb3 gave maximal binding. VT1 bound C18Gb3 vesicles after cholesterol removal, but C20Gb3vesicles required sphingomyelin in addition for binding. HIV-1gp120 also bound C16, C22, and C24, but neither C18 nor C20Gb3 vesicles. C18 and C20Gb3 were, in mixtures without C24:1Gb3, dominant negative for gp120 vesicle binding. Gp120/VT1bound C18 and C24:1Gb3 mixtures, although neither isoform bound alone. Monolayer surface pressure measurement showed VT1, but not VT2, bound Gb3 at cellular DRM surface pressures, and confirmed loss of VT1 and gp120 (but not VT2) specific C18Gb3 binding. We conclude fatty-acid mediated fluidity within simple model GSL/cholesterol DRM can selectively regulate GSL carbohydrate-ligand binding. Glycosphingolipid (GSL) fatty acid strictly regulates verotoxin 1 (VT1) and the HIV adhesin, gp120 binding to globotriaosyl ceramide within Gb3/cholesterol detergent resistant membrane (DRM) vesicle constructs and in Gb3 water-air interface monolayers in a similar manner. VT2 bound Gb3/cholesterol vesicles irrespective of fatty acid composition, but VT1 bound neither C18 nor C20Gb3vesicles. C18/C20Gb3 were dominant negative in mixed Gb3 fatty acid isoform vesicles, but including C24:1Gb3 gave maximal binding. VT1 bound C18Gb3 vesicles after cholesterol removal, but C20Gb3vesicles required sphingomyelin in addition for binding. HIV-1gp120 also bound C16, C22, and C24, but neither C18 nor C20Gb3 vesicles. C18 and C20Gb3 were, in mixtures without C24:1Gb3, dominant negative for gp120 vesicle binding. Gp120/VT1bound C18 and C24:1Gb3 mixtures, although neither isoform bound alone. Monolayer surface pressure measurement showed VT1, but not VT2, bound Gb3 at cellular DRM surface pressures, and confirmed loss of VT1 and gp120 (but not VT2) specific C18Gb3 binding. We conclude fatty-acid mediated fluidity within simple model GSL/cholesterol DRM can selectively regulate GSL carbohydrate-ligand binding. The glycosphingolipid (GSL) globotriaosyl ceramide, Gb3, is the only cell receptor for the E. coli–derived verotoxins (VT or Shiga toxins) (1Lingwood C.A. Verotoxins and their glycolipid receptors.in: Bell R. Hannun Y.A. Merrill Jr., A. Sphingolipids. Part A: Functions and Breakdown Products. Advances in Lipid Research. Academic Press, San Diego1993: 189-212Google Scholar, 2Okuda T. Tokuda N. Numata S. Ito M. Ohta M. Kawamura K. Wiels J. Urano T. Tajima O. Furukawa K. Targeted disruption of Gb3/CD77 synthase gene resulted in the complete deletion of globo-series glycosphingolipids and loss of sensitivity to verotoxins.J. Biol. Chem. 2006; 281: 10230-10235Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (149) Google Scholar). Plasma membrane Gb3 distribution within detergent resistant membranes (DRM) modulates VT cell cytotoxicity (3Falguieres T. Mallard F. Baron C. Hanau D. Lingwood C. Goud B. Salamero J. Johannes L. Targeting of Shiga toxin b-subunit to retrograde transport route in association with detergent-resistant membranes.Mol. Biol. Cell. 2001; 12: 2453-2468Crossref PubMed Scopus (235) Google Scholar, 4Smith D.C. Sillence D.J. Falguieres T. Jarvis R.M. Johannes L. Lord J.M. Platt F.M. Roberts L.M. The association of Shiga-like toxin with detergent-resistant membranes is modulated by glucosylceramide and is an essential requirement in the endoplasmic reticulum for a cytotoxic effect.Mol. 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Microbiol. 1999; 37: 497-503Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 6Miceli S. Jure M.A. de Saab O.A. de Castillo M.C. Rojas S. de Holgado A.P. de Nader O.M. A clinical and bacteriological study of children suffering from haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Tucuman, Argentina.Jpn. J. Infect. Dis. 1999; 52: 33-37Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), and differential VT1/VT2 Gb3-containing DRM binding has been recently reported (7Tam P. Mahfoud R. Nutikka A. Khine A. Binnington B. Paroutis P. Lingwood C. Differential intracellular trafficking and binding of verotoxin 1 and verotoxin 2 to globotriaosylceramide-containing lipid assemblies.J. Cell. Physiol. 2008; 216: 750-763Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar). GSLs have extensive fatty acid heterogeneity of unknown function, and the aglycone can markedly affect receptor function (8Lingwood C.A. Aglycone modulation of glycolipid receptor function.Glycoconj. J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). binding is by the fatty acid of A. B. Lingwood C.A. 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PubMed Scopus Google Gb3 fatty acid intracellular VT1 trafficking S. Lingwood C. of the endoplasmic by retrograde transport cell to or of toxin globotriaosyl ceramide fatty acid isoform Cell. Physiol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), and is lipid differential in lipid J. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Gb3 is also in HIV The of the HIV gp120 GSLs S. The receptor binding of gp120 to PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, D. N. O. N. C. J. of and surface with monolayers of and Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), including Gb3 D. N. M. J. glycosphingolipids for 1 for between gp120 and membrane of glycosphingolipids and 1999; PubMed Google Scholar), and a Gb3 and membrane N. D. M. D. D. Binnington B. J. A. R. of the glycolipid HIV 2006; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). We have Gb3 a HIV N. S. D. C. A. Binnington B. D. by the Scholar, S. D. Binnington B. Lingwood C.A. of cell to is an function of globotriaosyl ceramide PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). a in A. Lingwood C. of receptor globotriaosyl lipid in a to factors glycosphingolipid receptor J. PubMed Scopus Google to simple from Gb3 and cholesterol and the surface pressure R. M. Lingwood C.A. J. A of the the cholesterol requirement for Lipid Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), the of Gb3 fatty acid VT2, Gb3 binding. We a dominant of fatty acid Gb3 for binding with a VT1 and VT2 were A. B. Lingwood C.A. for the of Shiga toxin D. F. in Press, Scholar). Gb3 from A. Lingwood C.A. of 1 to receptor is by in receptor fatty acid PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). from and sphingomyelin were from HIV gp120 and gp120 were from the and The fatty acid of Gb3 by Gb3 to fatty acid were by of Gb3 and of with a fatty acid A. B. Lingwood C.A. Glycosphingolipid receptor function is by fatty acid 1 and verotoxin globotriaosyl ceramide fatty acid Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). VT1 and VT2 were M.A. Lingwood C.A. of VT1 and VT2 from their for modulation of A Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), have Gb3 binding or cell Gb3/cholesterol DRM were A. Lingwood C. of receptor globotriaosyl lipid in a to factors glycosphingolipid receptor J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). a of Gb3 and cholesterol in were and in of The at and of in and to at for 1 The 1 of 1 with 1 of and of of and lipid by at for at Although cell DRM at not at the of the were and in a of the were to a and The were with and at for 1 The membrane with and with or VT1 for 2 at bound an The surface pressure with a The the of the of of a with the a of were in a at of Gb3 or Gb3 cholesterol were from R. M. Lingwood C.A. J. A of the the cholesterol requirement for Lipid Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, R. M. M. A. A. J. of with and at the Chem. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the for the of VT1, VT2 or gp120 with Gb3 the in the with and pressure were for the The were with the The of the for surface Gb3 C18 and fatty were from and for model DRM VT binding. The DRM VT1 bound only in 1 Gb3/cholesterol fatty acid showed binding with VT1 binding to C18 or fatty acid Gb3 DRM and VT1 bound to the fatty acid Gb3 and showed and of C18Gb3 VT1 binding. of the binding to Gb3 acid not affect the binding VT2 bound C18/C20Gb3 and binding to the Gb3 and has been A. C. and C. The of the fatty acid only binding to the Gb3 at the 1 of VT1/VT2 Gb3 isoform DRM in a VT1 binding to in Gb3 by the Gb3 fatty acid C18 to the of Gb3 to the of fatty acid GSL to from DRM A. K. The differential of the for the of membrane PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, E. and of lipid in Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M.C. F. Jr., of and fatty in a PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, S. 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VT2 binding to DRM binding within 1 of fatty acid isoform Gb3/cholesterol similar to VT1 binding to or binding to C18 or C20Gb3 binding to and of binding within DRM for VT1, the Gb3 fatty acid to the Gb3 in gp120 binding vesicles in for VT1, of the C24:1Gb3 in the complete loss of binding of C18 or from the and but of both gp120 binding C18 and fatty acid gp120 binding A to binding to Gb3 VT1 to Gb3 monolayers showed a in surface in the of cholesterol and The with a maximal surface pressure at of the by the surface pressure to the surface pressure a to a the by VT1 and of to S. R. of in surface of ceramide and of in the ceramide PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar), the of the for and D. N. O. N. C. J. of and surface with monolayers of and Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, B. The surface of glycosphingolipids in a of Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The pressure of the of for the lipid of cellular membranes to a surface pressure of at B. 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PubMed Scopus Google the of VT1 with Gb3 a of to within lipid VT2 with Gb3 only the at a at the pressure of and cholesterol for of VT1, VT2, and gp120 Gb3 binding. in Gb3 monolayers were a pressure Gb3 A: VT1 and VT1 and C18Gb3 binding for is also VT1 and VT1 and VT2 and VT2 and C18 A: gp120 and gp120 and gp120 and gp120 and VT1 and gp120 both a loss of specific binding for C18Gb3 detergent resistant Gb3, globotriaosyl of VT1, VT2, and gp120 Gb3 binding. in Gb3 monolayers were a pressure Gb3 A: VT1 and VT1 and C18Gb3 binding for is also VT1 and VT1 and VT2 and VT2 and C18 A: gp120 and gp120 and gp120 and gp120 and VT1 and gp120 both a loss of specific binding for C18Gb3 detergent resistant Gb3, globotriaosyl pressure for VT1/VT2 Gb3 isoform pressure of in a VT1 bound and and for C18 and C20Gb3 specific binding and The by with VT1 to C18 or C20Gb3 and cholesterol the C18/C20Gb3 to VT1 VT2 to bind both and C18Gb3 and VT2 is to bind at surface pressure is cytotoxic VT1 or VT2 M.A. Lingwood C.A. of VT1 and VT2 from their for modulation of A Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), bound C18 and C20Gb3 monolayers showed specific with C18Gb3 with or Gb3 monolayers and for VT1, but gp120 specific C20Gb3 binding The between and C18Gb3 to the loss of VT1 and gp120 (but not VT2) binding within the Gb3 DRM addition of the C24:1Gb3, also VT1 binding. the of binding to C18 and C20Gb3 to the of to detergent is a to the study of cellular lipid Lipid detergent-resistant and 2006; PubMed Scopus Google in cholesterol and GSLs K. of glycosphingolipids in lipid J. 17: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). Although a of cell membrane D. K. a in membrane PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), the not in membranes the membrane Lipid detergent-resistant and 2006; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), but an of The GSL/cholesterol of DRM vesicles a for and vesicle M. M. T. K. N. K. and of lipid mixtures of 17: Scopus Google and is the DRM to study aglycone modulation of GSL vesicles not the more lipid of cell but a for is for and vesicle at the and a of vesicles A. C. and C. in the Gb3 fatty acid regulate for binding in model DRM vesicle VT1 or gp120 binding is between and in the cholesterol vesicle constructs a or in interface is not an of Gb3 for for in VT2 binding is of the Gb3 is bound by both VT1 and Gb3 is similar to reported for The of cholesterol the of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the of to the of C18 the the to the for but to for fatty Differential study of the of cholesterol the of a of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), although were not to the of both were in the the acid the of Gb3 fatty acid receptor fatty acid with cholesterol M. from cholesterol with The of in membrane PubMed Google with the dominant of C24:1Gb3 for the lipid of Gb3 is in fatty acid and a fatty acid to and VT1 binding A. B. Lingwood C.A. Glycosphingolipid receptor function is by fatty acid 1 and verotoxin globotriaosyl ceramide fatty acid Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google and the binding of VT1 and in A. B. Lingwood C.A. Glycosphingolipid receptor function is by fatty acid 1 and verotoxin globotriaosyl ceramide fatty acid Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, B. Lingwood D. Nutikka A. Lingwood C. of globotriaosyl ceramide fatty acid the binding by verotoxin 1 and verotoxin PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). has also in VT1/VT2 binding to Gb3 within the D. Nutikka A. N. J. Lingwood C. Differential of globotriaosyl ceramide by verotoxins and in J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The lipid is to the verotoxin receptor function of Gb3 the VT binding B. Lingwood C.A. Lipid modulation of glycolipid receptor of for binding in and J. PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar, N. A. R. and of in in lipid J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. Binnington B. 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The association of Shiga-like toxin with detergent-resistant membranes is modulated by glucosylceramide and is an essential requirement in the endoplasmic reticulum for a cytotoxic effect.Mol. Biol. Cell. 2006; 17: 1375-1387Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar). VT1 the membrane Gb3 a T. M. C. C. C. Johannes L. of Shiga toxin globotriaosyl ceramide, in J. 2006; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), a Gb3 is by VT and to the VT1 and VT2 bind both and cell surface and retrograde VT1, of VT2 and is with but intracellular VT1 and VT2 transport at the (7Tam P. Mahfoud R. Nutikka A. Khine A. Binnington B. Paroutis P. Lingwood C. Differential intracellular trafficking and binding of verotoxin 1 and verotoxin 2 to globotriaosylceramide-containing lipid assemblies.J. Cell. Physiol. 2008; 216: 750-763Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar). bound VT1 is more detergent resistant VT2 and binding to cell or in Gb3 is more for VT1 (7Tam P. Mahfoud R. Nutikka A. Khine A. Binnington B. Paroutis P. 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The glycosphingolipid mediated by a HIV 1 PubMed Scopus Google and a HIV N. S. D. C. A. Binnington B. D. by the Scholar, S. D. Binnington B. Lingwood C.A. of cell to is an function of globotriaosyl ceramide PubMed Scopus Google and binding is modulated by the lipid J. D. O. N. C. A. of bind to the of and and Biol. Chem. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the the of the Gb3 fatty acid and the binding of VT to Gb3 showed C16, C22, and fatty were the in the GSL of E. of and fatty acid PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). of the showed similar A. Lingwood C.A. of 1 to receptor is by in receptor fatty acid PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, D. Nutikka A. N. J. Lingwood C. Differential of globotriaosyl ceramide by verotoxins and in J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). fatty were only a A. Lingwood C.A. of 1 to receptor is by in receptor fatty acid PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, D. Nutikka A. N. J. Lingwood C. Differential of globotriaosyl ceramide by verotoxins and in J. 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Google Scholar). bound by VT1 and binding of to the of fatty acid Gb3 The of not bind VT1 in VT1 binding. in the C18Gb3 the binding in a dominant negative manner. of is also to VT1 binding also to VT1 binding to the isoform C18 and C20Gb3 have an negative VT1 Gb3/cholesterol binding. of both C18 and C20Gb3 required to binding. of the isoform to of VT1 the of C18 and both for neither of bind VT1 or gp120 extensive VT1 and gp120 DRM binding. is a GSL fatty acid receptor function, and a between and membrane GSL acid an similar to the Gb3 isoform VT1 binding but an isoform is to a of for DRM binding is DRM binding is can with GSL J. S. M. M. T. The binding of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), but the cholesterol has to GSL fatty acid fluidity in a but in a to fluidity similar to with C24:1Gb3 with Gb3, neither of DRM binding not VT1 binding. is in to C24:1Gb3 with the of Gb3 for VT1 binding within cholesterol is a between negative and the not VT1 bound DRM We GSL receptor function within a of fluidity to Gb3 with fatty the of of cholesterol a lipid to binding. the cholesterol to their dominant negative is the Gb3 fatty acid of VT1 DRM binding is by C18 and C20Gb3 not similar for VT1 and Although C24:1Gb3 (VT1) or addition in is for binding. the of C24:1Gb3, C18Gb3 and C20Gb3 dominant negative for binding both of VT1 but both to gp120 The the C18Gb3 for VT1 and gp120 but not VT2 in the DRM in the of binding is gp120 specific binding to C20Gb3 in monolayers but not for Gb3 DRM vesicles. the of of the DRM and gp120 fluidity is Although membranes more a cholesterol to the R. A. M. and of lipid J. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). a GSL C18 and C20Gb3 monolayers to binding and from the of the of fatty with the C18 1 DRM vesicles, the of GSL/cholesterol and in Chem. PubMed Scopus Google to binding. The Gb3 fatty acid of VT2 binding in both and monolayers Gb3 is for VT2 for VT1 and VT1 binding with binding for VT1, but VT2 and gp120 only bind Gb3 at surface pressures, with membrane Gb3 binding. is with the Gb3 DRM binding of VT2 have reported (7Tam P. Mahfoud R. Nutikka A. Khine A. Binnington B. Paroutis P. Lingwood C. Differential intracellular trafficking and binding of verotoxin 1 and verotoxin 2 to globotriaosylceramide-containing lipid assemblies.J. Cell. Physiol. 2008; 216: 750-763Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google and with gp120 cell binding Gb3 fatty acid VT2 binding The membrane receptor function of GSL is model a The dominant of C24:1Gb3 DRM binding and the between and a of fluidity within a is for VT1 binding. the (but not to binding. and of the Gb3 fatty acid also VT1 binding A. B. Lingwood C.A. Glycosphingolipid receptor function is by fatty acid 1 and verotoxin globotriaosyl ceramide fatty acid Biol. Chem. Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). to the of fatty acid GSL to from lipid A. K. The differential of the for the of membrane PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M.C. F. Jr., of and fatty in a PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, S. R. of in surface of ceramide and of in the ceramide PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar, D. E. Functions of lipid in Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), were not The fatty acid of GSL receptor function a for the fatty acid S. the of ceramide Biol. Chem. 2006; 281: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The the of M. and the of Binnington in of the Gb3 cholesterol detergent resistant membrane globotriaosyl ceramide glycosphingolipid sphingomyelin verotoxin

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