Tec Kinase Itk Forms Membrane Clusters Specifically in the Vicinity of Recruiting Receptors

The Tec family of tyrosine kinases transduces signals from antigen and other receptors in cells of the hematopoietic system. In particular, interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (Itk) plays an important role in modulating T cell development and activation. Itk is activated by receptors via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated pathway, which results in recruitment of Itk to the plasma membrane via its pleckstrin homology domain. We show here that membrane localization of Itk results in the formation of clusters of at least two molecules within 80 Å of each other, which is dependent on the integrity of its pleckstrin homology domain. By contrast, the proline-rich region within the Tec homology domain, SH3 or SH2 domains, or kinase activity were not required for this event. More importantly, these clusters of Itk molecules form in distinct regions of the plasma membrane as only receptors that recruit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase reside in the same membrane vicinity as the recruited Itk. Our results indicate that Itk forms dimers in the membrane and that receptors that recruit Itk do so to specific membrane regions. The Tec family of tyrosine kinases transduces signals from antigen and other receptors in cells of the hematopoietic system. In particular, interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (Itk) plays an important role in modulating T cell development and activation. Itk is activated by receptors via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated pathway, which results in recruitment of Itk to the plasma membrane via its pleckstrin homology domain. We show here that membrane localization of Itk results in the formation of clusters of at least two molecules within 80 Å of each other, which is dependent on the integrity of its pleckstrin homology domain. By contrast, the proline-rich region within the Tec homology domain, SH3 or SH2 domains, or kinase activity were not required for this event. More importantly, these clusters of Itk molecules form in distinct regions of the plasma membrane as only receptors that recruit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase reside in the same membrane vicinity as the recruited Itk. Our results indicate that Itk forms dimers in the membrane and that receptors that recruit Itk do so to specific membrane regions. The Tec family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases is the second largest family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases (1Smith C. Islam T. Mattsson P. Mohamed A. Nore B. Vihinen M. BioEssays. 2001; 23: 436-446Crossref PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar). This family, which includes Itk, 2The abbreviations used are: Itk, interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase; GFP, green fluorescent protein; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein; PH, pleckstrin homology domain; TH, Tec homology domain; SH2, Src homology domain 2; SH3, Src homology domain 3; PRR, proline-rich region; PI3, phosphatidylinositol 3; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; WT, wild-type. 2The abbreviations used are: Itk, interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase; GFP, green fluorescent protein; YFP, yellow fluorescent protein; PH, pleckstrin homology domain; TH, Tec homology domain; SH2, Src homology domain 2; SH3, Src homology domain 3; PRR, proline-rich region; PI3, phosphatidylinositol 3; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; WT, wild-type. is involved in transducing signals from a number of receptors, including the T cell receptor, B cell receptor, FcϵR, c-Kit, CD28, CD2, CD32, and the erythropoietin receptor (1Smith C. Islam T. Mattsson P. Mohamed A. Nore B. Vihinen M. BioEssays. 2001; 23: 436-446Crossref PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar, 6Oda A. Ikeda Y. Ochs H. Druker B. Ozaki K. Handa M. Ariga T. Sakiyama Y. Witte O. Wahl M. Blood. 2000; 95: 1663-1670PubMed Google Scholar). These kinases play important roles in regulating cytokine and immune receptor signals that regulate the immune response (7Amarante-Mendes. G. McGahon A. Nishioka W. Afar D. Witte O. Green D. Oncogene. 1998; 16: 1383-1390Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar, 8Berg L. Finkelstein L. Lucas J. Schwartzberg P.L. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2005; 23: 549-600Crossref PubMed Scopus (262) Google Scholar). Itk in particular is involved in early T cell receptor signaling and regulates increases in intracellular calcium and activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells family of transcription factors (9Liu K. Bunnell S. Gurniak C. Berg L. J. Exp. Med. 1998; 187: 1721-1727Crossref PubMed Scopus (273) Google Scholar, 10Fowell D. Shinkai K. Liao X. Beebe A. Coffman R. Littman D. Locksley R. Immunity. 1999; 11: 399-409Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (272) Google Scholar). In addition, Itk regulates the development of Th2 cells and their subsequent cytokine secretion, thereby modulating the immune response (10Fowell D. Shinkai K. Liao X. Beebe A. Coffman R. Littman D. Locksley R. Immunity. 1999; 11: 399-409Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (272) Google Scholar, 13Ferrara T. Mueller C. Sahu N. Ben-Jebria A. August A. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006; 117: 780-786Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar). A common feature of these kinases is that they require the activation of PI3 kinase, as well as Src kinase activation for their activity (14Gibson S. August A. Branch D. Dupont B. Mills G. J. Biol. Chem. 1996; 271: 7079-7083Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 17Yang W.C. Ching K.A. Tsoukas C.D. Berg L.J. J. Immunol. 2001; 166: 387-395Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar). These kinases, including Itk, have a PH domain that allows them to be recruited to the plasma membrane by an activated PI3 kinase (1Smith C. Islam T. Mattsson P. Mohamed A. Nore B. Vihinen M. BioEssays. 2001; 23: 436-446Crossref PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar). Thus, membrane recruitment is a critical component of their activation, and Itk can be found at the plasma membrane of cells, although other events are required for its full activity (17Yang W.C. Ching K.A. Tsoukas C.D. Berg L.J. J. Immunol. 2001; 166: 387-395Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar, 19August A. Sadra A. Dupont B. Hanafusa H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 11227-11232Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar). It is, however, not clear whether this is general membrane localization of the protein in anticipation of activation or a specific localization in certain regions of the plasma membrane. The structure of Itk in cells is not known, although it has been suggested to form dimers in its inactive state, with a resultant monomerization upon activation (20Brazin K.N. Mallis R.J. Fulton D.B. Andreotti A.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 99: 1899-1904Crossref PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar, 21Colgan J. Asmal M. Neagu M. Yu B. Schneidkraut J. Lee Y. Sokolskaja E. Andreotti A. Luban J. Immunity. 2004; 21: 189-201Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (170) Google Scholar). We have examined these issues using a split YFP system (22Remy I. Montmarquette A. Michnick S. Nat. Cell Biol. 2004; 6: 358-365Crossref PubMed Scopus (331) Google Scholar) and find that Itk forms dimers or higher order clusters; however, it does so only at the plasma membrane and only in the vicinity of a receptor that can recruit PI3 kinase. Our data shed new light on the regulation, structure, and localization of this family of kinases in cells. Plasmids and Reagents—Antibodies against Itk were a gift from Dr. Gordon Mills (M. D. Anderson Cancer Center) (19August A. Sadra A. Dupont B. Hanafusa H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 11227-11232Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar). The pCDNA3.1-YFP1-zipper and pCDNA3.1-YFP2-zipper were a kind gift from Dr. Stephen Michnick (University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada) (22Remy I. Montmarquette A. Michnick S. Nat. Cell Biol. 2004; 6: 358-365Crossref PubMed Scopus (331) Google Scholar). The lentivirus vector FUGW and packaging plasmids pΔ8-9 and pVSVG were a kind gift from Dr. David Baltimore (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA) (23Lois C. Hong E. Pease S. Brown E. Baltimore D. Science. 2002; 295: 868-872Crossref PubMed Scopus (1604) Google Scholar). The pCDNA3.1-YFP1-Itk was generated by deleting the zipper sequence of pCDNA3.1-YFP1-zipper and replacing it with the human Itk cDNA generated by PCR and sequenced to confirm the integrity. pCDNA3.1-YFP2-Itk plasmids was generated by deleting the YFP1 sequence of pCDNA3.1-YFP1-Itk and replacing it with the YFP2 fragment. Itk mutants lacking the PRR within the TH, SH3, or SH2 domain or carrying a K391M mutation in the kinase domain that significantly reduce kinase activity were previously described (19August A. Sadra A. Dupont B. Hanafusa H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 11227-11232Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar, 24Hao S. August A. FEBS Lett. 2002; 525: 53-58Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar). The pG-ICOS-YFP1 and pMex-CD8α-YFP1 were generated by subcloning linker-YFP1 to the C terminus of pG-ICOS or pMex-CD8 fragment lacking the cytoplasmic tail (25Zong C. Yan R. August A. Darnell Jr., J. Hanafusa H. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 4515-4525Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar), respectively. Point mutations were introduced by using the QuikChange II site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene). The FUGW-YFP1-Itk and FUGW-YFP2-Itk plasmids were generated by substituting the GFP fragment for YFP1-Itk or YFP2-Itk in the FUGW vector, respectively. The pGFP-Itk was generated by inserting GFP fragment to the N terminus of HA-Itk (24Hao S. August A. FEBS Lett. 2002; 525: 53-58Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar). Cell Transfection—HEK 293T cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. The plasmids were transfected into HEK-293T cells by using TransIT-293T (Mirus). Jurkat E6-1 T cells were cultured in RPMI supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum and were transfected by electroporation. Cells were infected with lentiviruses generated as described (23Lois C. Hong E. Pease S. Brown E. Baltimore D. Science. 2002; 295: 868-872Crossref PubMed Scopus (1604) Google Scholar). Flow Cytometric Assay—24 h after transfection, the cells were incubated at 30 °C overnight to promote fluorophore maturation. The cells were cultured, washed twice with PBS, and resuspended in PBS followed by flow cytometric analysis. YFP fluorescence was corrected for expression by analysis of Itk expression either by western blot, or in most experiments, by analysis of YFP expression using an antibody against GFP and flow cytometry. These values were then compared with control cells transfected with YFP1-Itk or YFP2-Itk alone, which was set at 1. Confocal Microscopy—HEK 293T cells were grown on glass slides. 24 h after transfection, the cells were incubated at 30 °C overnight, and the fluorescence image was analyzed by confocal microscopy. For immunofluorescence microscopy, cells were fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde for 20-30 min at room temperature. The fixed cells were then incubated with anti-Itk antibody in blocking buffer (2% fetal bovine serum and 0.1% Triton in PBS) for 1 h. After washing three times with PBS, cells were then stained with Alexa Fluor 663-conjugated secondary antibody for 30 min in the dark. The unbound antibody was removed by washing three times with PBS. The cells were then incubated in PBS and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Since each cell is of a different size and may express varying levels of protein, an algorithm was developed to compare the localization of Itk molecules in cells of different sizes and varying levels of expression using the program CCDi Image (Stellar Image Software) as follows. 1) A line was drawn across the cells, excluding the nucleus, and the fluorescence intensity and map data points were collected for each cell; 2) points along the line were set as a percentage of the cell from one end of the line to the other (0-100%); 3) the fluorescence at each point was calculated as a percentage of the maximum fluorescence observed for that cell; and 4) these values were then plotted for each cell as the percentage of maximum fluorescence (y axis) versus the percentage of cell (x axis) for each cell. In general, the cell membrane represented that 15% of the cell at the edges (0-15% and 85-100%). Itk is recruited to cell membrane after receptor stimulation (3August A. Gibson S. Kawakami Y. Kawakami T. Mills G. Dupont B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 9347-9351Crossref PubMed Scopus (210) Google Scholar, 4King P. Sadra A. Han A. Liu X. Sunder-Plassmann R. Reinherz E. Dupont B. Int. Immunol. 1996; 8: 1707-1714Crossref PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 26Ching K. Kawakami Y. Kawakami T. Tsoukas C. J. Immunol. 1999; 163: 6006-6013PubMed Google Scholar, 28Shan X. Wange R.L. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 29323-29330Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar). However, whether the localization of Itk results in specific clustering or a more dispersed distribution is not clear. To answer this question, we utilized the split YFP system to probe the interaction between molecules of Itk (22Remy I. Montmarquette A. Michnick S. Nat. Cell Biol. 2004; 6: 358-365Crossref PubMed Scopus (331) Google Scholar). Either YFP1 or YFP2 was fused to the N terminus of Itk using a linker peptide of 10 amino acids, thus constructing the protein designated as YFP1-Itk or YFP2-Itk, respectively (Fig. 1a). Since the average distance of each amino acid is ∼4 Å, the fluorescence can be detected when Itk molecules fused to the two fragments of YFP are within an average distance of 80 Å. These constructs were expressed in 293T cells, and fluorescence was analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The expression of either YFP1-Itk or YFP2-Itk alone in cells did not show any detectable fluorescence when compared with non-transfected cells (data not shown), suggesting that expression of individual YFP fragment does not exhibit fluorescence, similar to what has been previously determined for other fusions (Fig. 1b) (22Remy I. Montmarquette A. Michnick S. Nat. Cell Biol. 2004; 6: 358-365Crossref PubMed Scopus (331) Google Scholar). However, when YFP1-Itk and YFP2-Itk were coexpressed, strong fluorescence was detected (Fig. 1b). Since the YFP fluorescence can be detected when Itk molecules are in close proximity (<80 Å), these data indicate that Itk proteins formed specific dimers or higher order clusters in living cells that are within this range. To determine the subcellular sites of Itk clustering, we analyzed the localization of YFP fluorescence in these cells by using confocal microscopy. The YFP fluorescence was found predominantly at the cell membrane. In comparison, analysis of cells with an anti-Itk antibody revealed that Itk was distributed in both cytoplasm and cell membrane (Fig. 1c, control non-transfected 293T cells are negative for Itk staining by western and immunofluorescence, data not shown; see also Fig. 2b). In addition, GFP-tagged Itk also showed the same pattern of subcellular localization as that seen with the anti-Itk antibody (Fig. 1c). Quantification of the localization of these proteins dramatically illustrated the point that the YFP1 Itk and the YFP2 Itk only interact at the membrane, and thus, fluorescence is only detected at that location, whereas GFP Itk is found in both the cytoplasm and the membrane (Fig. 1d). Together, these results suggested that although localized both in the cytoplasm and at the cell membrane, Itk only forms dimers or higher order clusters as detected by complementation of YFP1 and YFP2 and subsequent fluorescence emission at the cell membrane. To further test the possibility that interaction between Itk molecules in the cytoplasm could occur, we generated an Itk mutant, R29C, which disrupts the ability of the PH domain to interact with lipids, rendering this mutant unable to be recruited to the membrane (29Li Z. Wahl M. Eguinoa A. Stephens L. Hawkins P. Witte O. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997; 94: 13820-13825Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar, 30Woods M. Kivens W. Adelsman M. Qiu Y. August A. Shimizu Y. EMBO J. 2001; 20: 1232-1244Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar). Thus, this mutant is totally constrained to the cytoplasm. The expression level of this mutant fused to YFP1 and YFP2 was determined by western blot (data not shown), and although expressed at a similar level as wild-type Itk, the R29C PH mutants did not show any detectable fluorescence when compared with untransfected 293T cells (Fig. 2, a and b). Specific anti-Itk antibody analysis of Itk, as well as YFP fusion to this Itk mutant, confirmed that it is localized only in the cytoplasm (Figs. 1, c and d, and 2b). More importantly, even when wild-type YFP1-Itk was coexpressed with the mutant YFP2-R29CItk, no interaction was detected as measured by YFP fluorescence and confocal microscopy (Fig. 2b). Thus, we conclude that the dimers and perhaps higher order clusters of Itk form only at the cell membrane, and thus, YFP fluorescence of YFP1-Itk plus YFP2-Itk can only be detected at the cell membrane but not in the cytoplasm. This experiment also indicates that the interaction between Itk molecules at the membrane is specific. Itk has several domains that can act as protein-protein interaction domains. We therefore disrupted the integrity of each of these domains to determine whether they were required for this dimerization. The PRR within the unique TH domain of Itk has been suggested to interact with the SH3 domain of Itk in an intramolecular interaction (31Andreotti A. Bunnell S. Feng S. Berg L. Schreiber S. Nature. 1997; 385: 93-97Crossref PubMed Scopus (228) Google Scholar). However, we found that Itk mutants carrying a deletion in the PRR of the TH domain could still form dimers with the WT Itk (Fig. 3a). In addition to potential interactions with the PRR of the TH domain, the SH3 domain of Itk has been suggested to interact with a proline residue in the SH2 domain of Itk in an intermolecular fashion (20Brazin K.N. Mallis R.J. Fulton D.B. Andreotti A.H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 99: 1899-1904Crossref PubMed Scopus (240) Google Scholar, 21Colgan J. Asmal M. Neagu M. Yu B. Schneidkraut J. Lee Y. Sokolskaja E. Andreotti A. Luban J. Immunity. 2004; 21: 189-201Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (170) Google Scholar). The SH2 domain can interact with other proteins upon their tyrosine phosphorylation. Nevertheless, we found that Itk mutants lacking SH3 or SH2 domains could still form dimers with WT Itk (Fig. 3, b and c). Finally, we could show that the kinase activity of Itk was not required for this event since a mutant of Itk lacking kinase activity still formed dimers with WT Itk (Fig. 3d). Since molecules of WT Itk cannot transport a PH domain mutant of Itk to the membrane and form dimers (Fig. 2), we conclude that the ability of these mutants to form dimers with WT Itk indicates that these domains or activities are not required for dimer formation. These data also indicate that the PRR or SH3 and SH2 domains are not critical for the formation of dimers or higher order clusters of Itk at the plasma membrane and that membrane localization is the critical event that brings two molecules of Itk together and allows the formation of dimers or higher order clusters. To investigate the specificity of Itk dimerization/clustering at the cell membrane, we determined whether Itk could interact with a transmembrane protein that does not normally interact with Itk. We deleted the cytoplasmic tail of the human CD8α receptor and fused it to YFP1 at the C terminus. CD8α is randomly distributed in the cell membrane, and if Itk was also randomly distributed, then the two proteins should be able to interact. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that coexpression of CD8α-YFP1 and YFP2-Itk did not result in the emission of any YFP fluorescence when compared with non-transfected 293T cells (Fig. 4a), suggesting that there was no interaction between these two proteins at the plasma membrane. The expression of the CD8α-YFP1 was confirmed by flow cytometry (Fig. 4a, Itk expression was confirmed by western blot as well as flow cytometry, data not shown). By contrast, when we analyzed whether Itk could interact with ICOS, a receptor that has a PI3 kinase binding motif and recruits PI3 kinase to the plasma membrane A. S. C. J. T. S. T. T. H. J. M. L. C. J. Immunity. 2000; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, N. K. M. R. T. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar) using a similar we found that Itk could interact with this receptor (Fig. Confocal analysis indicates that this interaction at the cell membrane (Fig. This interaction was dependent on recruitment of Itk to the membrane by PI3 kinase as a R29C PH mutant of Itk could not interact with (Fig. Together, these data indicate that Itk forms specific at specific regions of the cell membrane, the vicinity of receptors of PI3 kinase. Since Itk is predominantly expressed in T cells, we analyzed the ability to form at the plasma membrane in Jurkat T cells. of YFP1-Itk and in Jurkat T cells demonstrated that Itk forms similar in these cells at the cell membrane (Fig. In addition, similar to what we found in 293T cells with CD8α and ICOS, Itk only with ICOS, but not with in Jurkat T cells (Fig. b and c). data that Itk is recruited to specific regions of the plasma membrane, it can form and this in the vicinity of receptors that can recruit and We and have that Itk is recruited to the plasma membrane in a and PH however, whether this recruitment results in of Itk was not Our data that at least dimers of Itk form at the plasma membrane of cells. In addition, receptors of this kinase interact with Itk, although we that they do so the formation of Itk This could indicate that the receptors are not at any one of with Itk, and thus, the is we cannot between the formation of dimers or higher order the data that at least dimers are In addition, data also indicate that these dimers are at least 80 Å and that the interaction between Itk and is also at least the same We of the August and the for and at The for and We also and in the for Cell at The We also for

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