Analysis of Crude Oil Electrostatic Desalters Performance
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract New equations covering a wide range of oil types are developed to estimate the treating rate and treating temperature for dual polarity electrostatic desalters and AC conventional electrostatic desalters in Iranian oil fields. Production of wet crude had been a growing problem that affected the quality of produced oil in Iran. Application of the correct technology and the installation of proper desalting facilities were required to solve this problem. Therefore, it was decided to install electrostatic desalting plants progressively in Iranian oil fields. By the end of 2004, more than 20 desalting plants with a total capacity of 207,000 standard cubic metres per day of treated crude have been installed. The performance of the majority of these desalting plants have been tested and found satisfactory. It is expected that the rate of wet crude production will increase to 366,000 standard cubic metres per day in 2007. This study shows that a dual polarity electrostatic desalter may operate at a minimum crude oil inlet temperature, resulting in extra fuel savings and eliminating the need for a heating system in the vessel. In addition, the treating rate for a dual polarity electrostatic desalter is more than for an AC conventional electrostatic desalter. Introduction The production of salty wet crudes had affected the quality of Iranian crudes and a number of wells had to be shut in for lack of treatment facilities(1). The water produced with crude in Iranian oil fields contains salts in concentrations of 150,000 to 220,000 ppm. In almost all cases, the salt is found dissolved in the water that is dispersed in the crude oil. This salt water is present in the crude in the form of emulsion and its separation is not an easy task. The installation of current desalting plants within the existing facilities in Iran called for considerable changes in the facilities and other utility systems. These changes have been successfully carried out and the performance of the majority of the desalting plants have been tested and found satisfactory(1, 2). When the produced formation water is highly saline as in the case of Iranian fields, then straight dehydration is not the solution and the crude has to be desalted as well. Dehydration means removing only that water which is in the crude when crude is produced. The term desalting means the addition of comparatively fresh water to the crude. This addition of fresh water dilutes the original brine so that the salt content of the water that remains after treatment is within acceptable limits. In general, the dehydration system can be divided into three classes: gravity, electrical, and chemical, or a combination thereof(3). Therefore, the process adopted in Iran for treating wet crude is a combination of dehydration and desalting. It employs chemical demulsifies, heat, and an electrostatic field to dehydrate the crude. All treaters utilize gravity to separate the phases; however, this is the basic method used to remove the impurities from the crude oil.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,008 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».