Lease Fuel, Fuel Gas or Fuel Consumed in Operations- Is it Reserves?
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Lease fuel (also called fuel gas, fuel consumed in operations or lease-used gas) is defined by the SPE/WPC/AAPG/SEG/SPEE-Petroleum Resource Management System (SPE-PRMS) as "that portion of produced natural gas, crude oil, or condensate consumed as fuel in production and lease plant operations." Reporting this "fuel" as reserves, usually with a clear reference to the reserves attributed to these volumes, has been a practice commonly used by many companies, but not by all. Differences exist within a country and between countries regarding the application and interpretation of the existing standards and regulations concerning the reporting of lease fuel as reserves, resulting in a lack of consistency and comparability between oil and gas companies in the reserves externally disclosed. Annual reports, 10-K and 20-F forms of oil and gas companies indicate that, during the last few years, significant volumes of additional reserves are still being added as a result of including, for the first time, the fuel Consumed in Operations (CiO) in the disclosed reserves. These volumes can be material. Based on the companies reviewed, these volumes can represent up to 12% of the company's total proved reserves, depending on the amount of produced hydrocarbon products consumed as fuel, the type of processes used (e.g., normal production of oil and gas, LNG processing, electricity generation, compression needs, etc.) and the location of the terminal point (SEC terminology) or reference point (SPE-PRMS terminology). A review of definitions, apparent misaligned standards (e.g., SPE-PRMS, Canadian Oil and Gas Evaluation Handbook (COGEH)) and requirements from regulatory bodies (Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA), US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), UK London Stock Exchange (LSE-AIM), European Securities and Market Authority (ESMA), Australian (ASX), Hong Kong (HKEx) and Singapore (SGX) Stock Exchanges) are discussed in this paper. Examples are also presented with the rationale of why these "lease fuel" volumes should be part of the reported reserves and should include proper narrative on these volumes. Updates of the lease fuel definition and references to lease fuel in the SPE-PRMS are also suggested in this paper, in order to reflect that, during the last few years, many countries and/or regulators have adopted the SPE-PRMS as the estimation and classification standard for reserves and resources, as well as the increasing amount of large integrated energy intensive projects (some of them presently in the undeveloped reserves category), and the increased relevance of unconventional resources and their role in lease fuel. Inconsistencies in the approach to report (or not) the "lease fuel" as reserves are addressed, highlighting the need for clarity in the standards and disclosures being applied to ensure proper transparency, consistent valuation and reporting within the industry in the area of lease fuel, allowing proper comparability.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».