Length of Multiple-Funnel Traps Affects Catches of Some Bark and Wood Boring Beetles in a Slash Pine Stand in Northern Florida
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The multiple-funnel trap has gained broad acceptance for catching bark and ambrosia beetles since the trap was developed more than 25 years ago (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (Lindgren 1983). The trap consists of black plastic funnels aligned vertically over each other, allowing for intercepted beetles to fall through the funnels into a wet or dry collection cup located on the bottom funnel. Currently, there are 2 national programs in the USA that use baited multiple-funnel traps for detecting exotic species: the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) and the Early Detection and Rapid Response program (EDRR) (USDA APHIS 2007; Rabaglia et al. 2008). Multiple-funnel traps are available in several sizes or lengths, expressed by the number of funnels (4-, 8-, 12or 16-unit) (Contech Inc., Delta, BC; Synergy Semiochemicals Corp., Burnaby, BC). The general expectation is that longer multiple-funnel traps catch more beetles. In support of that position, Hoover et al. (2000) found that catches of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in traps baited with the pheromone lineatin, increased as the length of traps were increased from 4 to 16 units. Haack & Lawrence (1997) found that catches of Tomicus piniperda (L.) were higher in 12and 16unit traps than in 8-unit ones. The objective of our study was to verify that long multiple-funnel traps (16-unit) catch more bark and wood boring beetles than short traps (8unit) in a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stand in northern Florida. We focused our study on common southern species attracted to the binary combination of ethanol and (–)-α-pinene used in the national programs (Miller 2006; Miller & Rabaglia 2009). We conducted 1 trapping experiment in a mature slash pine stand on the Osceola National Forest near Olustee, FL for 9 weeks in 2001 (29 Aug-8 Nov). PheroTech Inc. (now Contech) supplied separate lures for releasing ethanol and (–)-α-pinene at rates of approximately 0.6 and 2 g/d, respectively, as well as 8unit and 16-unit multiple-funnel traps. Traps were set in 6 blocks of 2 traps per block with all traps set 10-15 m apart. There were 2 treatments: (1) 8-unit; and (2) 16-unit multiple-funnel traps. One trap of each treatment type was randomly assigned to a position within each block. All traps were baited with ethanol and (–)-α-pinene. Each trap was suspended between trees by rope such that the bottom of each was 0.2-0.5 m above ground level. No trap was within 2 m of any tree. Collection cups contained approximately 150 mL of pink propylene glycol solution (Peak RV and Marine Antifreeze, Old World Industries Inc., Northbrook, IL). Using SYSTAT ver. 11.00.01 (SYSTAT Inc., Point Richmond, CA), we conducted two-sided t tests on data transformed by ln(y + 1) to remove heteroscedasticity (Pepper et al. 1997). Catches of Arhopalus rusticus nubilus (LeConte) (Cerambycidae) in 16-unit traps were 143% greater than those in 8-unit traps (Table 1).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».