Malignant Hyperthermia Genetic Testing in North America Working Group Meeting.

Malignant Hyperthermia Genetic Testing in North America Working Group Meeting. Bethesda, Maryland. September 4–5, 2002The Malignant Hyperthermia Working Group Meeting, sponsored by the Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States (MHAUS), was held September 4–5, 2002, in Bethesda, Maryland, to establish a consensus for genetic screening of malignant hyperthermia (MH) in North America.MH is a potentially fatal pharmacogenetic disorder triggered by the administration of commonly used inhalational anesthetics and/or the muscle relaxant succinylcholine. A major obstacle in preventing the occurrence of MH is the difficulty of preoperative diagnosis. At present, the Caffeine Halothane Contracture Test (CHCT) is the only validated test available to phenotype MH-susceptible patients. Recent advances in identifying genes and their mutations causal for MH have helped to develop genetic testing. Gene linkage studies have shown that more than 50% of MH cases are associated with the ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1, Ca2+release channel of skeletal muscle) on chromosome 19q13.1–13.2. The European MH group has recently published guidelines for genetic testing for MH and listed 15 mutations in the RYR1 as potentially causative and diagnostic for MH. 1The meeting began with presentations by organizers Drs. Thomas Nelson, Ph.D., Professor, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Sheila Muldoon, M.D., Professor, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, updating clinical and genetic aspects of MH. Dr. Yoshitatsu Sei, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, presented an update of RYR1 gene screening in North America and discussed practical issues related to screening DNA samples from multiple centers in North America. Dr. Nyamkhishig Sambuughin, Ph.D, Assistant Professor, Barrows Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, discussed a strategy to screen the entire RYR1 gene. Dr. David MacLennan, M.D., Professor, Univeristy of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, presented other candidate genes that are involved in calcium homeostasis in muscle cells. Dr. Henry Rosenberg, M.D., Professor, St. Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey, gave an overview of the current status of the Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States, and Dr. Barbara Brandom, M.D., Professor, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, gave an update of the North American MH Registry (NAMHR). Drs. Wayne Grody, M.D., Ph.D., Professor, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Sue Richards, Ph.D., F.A.C.M.G., Associate Professor, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Michael Watson, Ph.D., F.A.C.M.G., Adjunct Professor, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri; and Debra Leonard, M.D., Ph.D., Professor, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, discussed their experience with the development of genetic testing for other genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis and familial adenomatous polyposis. The second day of the meeting was dedicated entirely to the development of a consensus statement and recommendations addressing the basic approaches to genetic studies of MH in North America, and the potential clinical uses of genetic testing for MH. This session, led by Dr. Leonard, produced a draft summary.This article is accompanied by an Editorial View. Please see: Nelson TE, Rosenberg H, Muldoon SM: Genetic testing for malignant hyperthermia in North America (editorial). Anesthesiology 2004; 100:000–000.The consensus points formulated from the 2-day meeting are:Recommendations were formulated from two parts of the discussion. Part 1 focused on further genetic studies of the RYR1 gene in North America. Part 2 focused on clinical testing in a CLIA-licensed laboratory. A North American MH Mutation Panel 2002 was also established and agreed upon.Full RYR1 mutation analysis of patients in the North American MH Registry who have strongly positive phenotypic MH is recommended. The analysis includes (1) mutation screening using the consensus of the 2002 North American MH Mutation Panel (table 1), (2) screening exons in the mutation hot spots of the RYR1 gene using a gene scanning approach, and (3) full-sequence analysis. For this study, the selection criteria of patients in the North American MH Registry must be determined by a history of the clinical episode (D5 and D6) and positive CHCT results. For patients negative for full RYR1 mutation analysis, additional analysis (e.g. , analyses for gross alterations and mutations in promoter regions) is recommended. There are also recommendations for evaluation of new sequence variants by using American College of Medical Genetics guidelines, database searches, studies of “wild type” (i.e. , normal individuals), transfection studies, and family studies. Finally, further broad population studies using the consensus MH mutation panel are recommended.The Working Group listed conditions for using clinical genetic testing:Finally, the Working Group recommended that the following actions should begin immediately:The ultimate goal of genetic research is to elucidate the mechanisms leading to MH at the molecular level. The ability to identify genetic mutations associated with MH creates the possibility of using DNA testing to make predictive statements regarding reactions to anesthetics that trigger MH. This is the first meeting that has produced recommendations and a consensus for genetic screening of MH in North America. These recommendations are based on current scientific understanding, as well as the prevailing legal and social contexts in the United States. Revisions and expansions of this work are expected in the near future. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States.

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