Southern Ocean Not So Pristine

The Report “A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems” (B. S. Halpern et al. , 15 February, p. [948][1]) provides a timely overview of anthropogenic effects on even the farthest reaches of Earth's oceans. However, we contend that, for at least one region, using data from only the past decade leads to misleading results. A widespread perception exists that waters south of the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone—i.e., the Southern Ocean (SO)—are still nearly pristine ([1][2], [2][3]). In fact, the northern portion of the SO saw virtually all cetacean populations removed long ago ([3][4]), and in subsequent years (1960s to 1980s) the largest stocks of demersal fish in the Indian Ocean and Scotia Sea/Atlantic Ocean sectors were also fished to commercial extinction ([4][5], [5][6]). Historically exploited fish species and cetaceans show little signs of recovery in the SO, and recent legal commercial fishing activity has been correspondingly low ([6][7]). It is thus no surprise that the modeling used by Halpern et al . shows little anthropogenic impact in these sectors apart from that of climate change. The authors acknowledge that accounting for current illegal, unregulated, and unreported fishing in these waters might show increased human impacts. The additional consideration of historical data should cause Halpern et al . to temper their conclusion that for the world's oceans “large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles.” 1. 1.[↵][8]1. J. P. Croxall, 2. P. N. Trathan, 3. E. J. Murphy , Science 297, 1510 (2002). [OpenUrl][9][Abstract/FREE Full Text][10] 2. 2.[↵][11]1. V. Smetacek, 2. S. Nicol , Nature 437, 367 (2005). [OpenUrl][12] 3. 3.[↵][13]1. J.A. Estes, 2. D.P. Demaster, 3. D.F. Doak, 4. T.E. Williams, 5. R. L. Brownell Jr. 1. L. Ballance 2. et al. , in Whales, Whaling and Ocean Ecosystems, J.A. Estes, D.P. Demaster, D.F. Doak, T.E. Williams, R. L. Brownell Jr., Eds. (Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 2006), pp. 215-230. 4. 4.[↵][14]1. O. Gon, 2. P. C. Heemstra , Fishes of the Southern Ocean (J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa, 1990). 5. 5.[↵][15]1. K.-H. Kock , Antarctic Fish and Fisheries (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1992). 6. 6.[↵][16]Fishery Reports, Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ([www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/e_pubs/fr/drt.htm][17]). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1149345 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #ref-4 [6]: #ref-5 [7]: #ref-6 [8]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1. in text [9]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DCroxall%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%2BP.%26rft.volume%253D297%26rft.issue%253D5586%26rft.spage%253D1510%26rft.epage%253D1514%26rft.atitle%253DEnvironmental%2BChange%2Band%2BAntarctic%2BSeabird%2BPopulations%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.1071987%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12202819%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [10]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIyOTcvNTU4Ni8xNTEwIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjU6Ii9zY2kvMzIxLzU4OTUvMTQ0My4yLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ== [11]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2. in text [12]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.volume%253D437%26rft.spage%253D367%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [13]: #xref-ref-3-1 View reference 3. in text [14]: #xref-ref-4-1 View reference 4. in text [15]: #xref-ref-5-1 View reference 5. in text [16]: #xref-ref-6-1 View reference 6. in text [17]: http://www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/e_pubs/fr/drt.htm

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