Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Aquifer water influx is an important mechanism which effects the performance of natural gas reservoirs. The influx of water has serious consequences in the estimation of gas reserves through material balance and in the prediction of future pressures. The effect of water influx from either a finite or infinite aquifer always exists to some extent, however these effects are not always recognized. Methods of modeling water influx include the Hurst modified steady-state method, and various unsteady state methods such as those of van Everdingen-Hurst, and Carter-Tracy. More recently, the four methods introduced by Leung for finite and infinite aquifers provide relatively simple models to use with substantial improvements in accuracy and efficiency over the previous methods. Using the methods introduced by Leung, combined with the volumetric's of the gas reservoir, aquifer parameters such as size, total compressibility, influx angle, permeability, porosity and thickness can be determined. With adequate pressure data, the models converge to a unique solution for all aquifer parameters. The development of the aquifer influx models was the result of the need to better understand the behavior of the McMurray aquifer system in north east Alberta. The 7-5- 81-6W4M well is used as an example, though the application of the models can be extended to any gas reservoir. P/Z V. CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION PLOTS The computation of the initial gas-in-place for constant volume reservoir requires the following data:Initial reservoir pressureCumulative gas volumeStabilized shut-in reservoir pressuresGas deviation factor Although this method is currently used, it is not applicable to water-drive gas reservoirs. With pressure reduction, when water enters the space occupied by the gas, the pressures are maintained in part depending on the nature of the water drive. AQUIFER SUPPORT Pressure support occurs due to a variety of mechanisms - including an infinite acting aquifer, unsteady state finite aquifer, shale water influx, water expansion and rock compressibility/compaction. Through the analysis of DSTs, AOFs, Logs, pressure and production data, the mechanism and future performance of the aquifer can be forecast. P/Z plots of gas pools attached to a medium to slowly responding aquifers usually follow the straight line of a depletion drive reservoir and then gradually rise above it. This is shown in Figure-1. Extrapolation of the P/Z will overestimate the gas-inplace. The gas wells water out as the true gas-in-place is approached and while the reservoir pressure remains relatively high (ie. 50% of original reservoir pressure). The P/Z plot for gas pools influenced by strong aquifers can initially follow a straight line and looks similar to a depletion gas drive reservoir, as long as constant gas production rates are maintained. The extrapolation of the P/Z plot will severely overestimate the gas-in-place in these cases. Again, these gas wells water out as the true gas-in-place is approached and the reservoir pressure as before remains relatively high (ie. ∼75% of original reservoir pressure).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».