Assessing and interpreting lateralised behaviours in anuran larvae
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
We review here what is known about lateralised behaviours in tadpoles, focusing on turning biases and methods for testing them. Two testing protocols have been used that are specific for explosive turns which are likely to be Mauthner cell-mediated. They involve recording the turns made by tadpoles: (1) upon descent after they take a breath of air, and (2) after they are mechanically startled. Turning bias has also been explored for tadpoles: (3) in a T-maze, (4) as they exit a tube into a larger arena, and (5) as they turn away from a barrier or object brought towards their snout. Slower turns observed under the last three protocols may not be regulated by the same neuromotor pathways as the faster turns elicited in the first two protocols. Turning biases do not occur in tadpoles of all species. In species where turning biases have been observed during explosive turns, the biases are typically towards the left side. The majority of tadpoles have a single asymmetric left-sided spiracle, yet lateralised behaviours in these tadpoles do not appear to be obligatorily linked to this morphological asymmetry. Tadpole turning biases are usually of the order of 60-90% towards the preferred side and are rarely absolute for individuals, and never for populations. Turning biases, when present, usually appear shortly after hatching and disappear before metamorphosis. Turning biases that appear during metamorphosis may depend on appendicular rather than axial muscle, and thus are fundamentally different behaviours; i.e., involving different neuromuscular components. Lateralised behaviours may occur in anurans before they reach the free-living larval stage. This could include bias in the side towards which a frog embryo coils its tail within the egg case, or the side towards which a newly hatched tadpole leans when lying on the bottom How lateralised behaviours of anurans that change with ontogeny relate to each other is not known Although it has been suggested that turning biases are absent in the more archaic frog genera only two 'archaic' genera have been examined Xenopus and Bombina and the data are too few to discern any clear phylogenetic patterns Lastly we present a model suggesting why tadpoles might have turning biases in situations where maximum speed is paramount This model assumes that the fastest neuromotor programs will be 'hardwired' in the central nervous system The model predicts that the amount of morphological asymmetry in the Mauthner neurons will be directly proportional to the amount of turning bias seen in tadpoles.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».