Interfacial Tensions and Visual Interactions of Crude Oil-Brine-CO Systems Under Reservoir Conditions
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract In this paper, an experimental technique is developed to study the interfacial tension phenomenon and visual interactions of crude oil-brine-CO2 systems at different pressures and temperatures. The major component of this experimental set-up is a see-through windowed high-pressure cell. By using the axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) for the pendant drop case, this new technique makes it possible to determine the interfacial tension (IFT) and to visualize the interfacial interactions among crude oil, brine and CO2 under practical reservoir conditions. More specifically, IFT of the crude oil-brine-CO2 system is measured as a function of pressure and temperature, respectively. For the crude oil-CO2 system, it is found that the dynamic IFT gradually reduces to a constant value, i.e., the equilibrium IFT. Meanwhile, a number of important physical phenomena are observed after the crude oil is made in contact with CO2. In particular, the oil swelling effect, light-ends extraction, initial turbulent mixing and wettability alteration are the major characteristics of the CO2 flooding processes. There always exists a constant low IFT (i.e., partial miscibility) as long as the pressure is higher than a threshold value. No ultra low or zero IFT between the crude oil and CO2 is found, regardless of the operating pressures and temperatures tested in this study. For the crude oil-brine-CO2 systems, wettability between crude oil and needle surrounded by CO2-saturated brine phase is different from that of the crude oil-CO2 systems. In addition, immiscibility between CO2- saturated crude oil and CO2-saturated brine is still observed at P=28.196 MPa and T= 58?C. Therefore, this laboratory study shows that partial miscibility between the crude oil and CO2 occurs in the reservoirs and that wettability alteration may considerably improve the oil recovery in a water-wet reservoir during CO2 flooding processes. Introduction CO2 flooding is considered to be one of the most promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques because it not only effectively enhances oil recovery but also considerably reduces greenhouse gas emissions. There have been extensive laboratory studies and field applications of CO2 EOR processes in the past five decades. It has been found that these processes can enhance oil recovery normally by up to 8–16% of the original oil in place[1, 2]. In the CO2 flooding processes, saturation distribution and flow behavior of crude oil, gas and brine is controlled largely by the interfacial interactions among crude oil, reservoir brine, CO2 and reservoir rocks, such as interfacial tension (IFT), wettability, capillarity and dispersion[3]. Also, field applications show that early breakthrough, unstable fronts and injectivity loss are three common major problems encountered in the CO2 EOR processes[1]. Physically, these three unresolved technical problems are closely related to the interfacial properties of crude oil-fluid-rock systems in the reservoirs. Therefore, it is important to accurately describe the interfacial interactions of the crude oil-fluid-reservoir rock systems with dissolution of solvents, such as CO2, under reservoir conditions. In general, the ultimate oil recovery in the CO2 flooding processes is dependent on the oil viscosity reduction, oil swelling effect and changes of interfacial properties between crude oil and CO2[1, 4, 5–7].
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Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».