Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Solvent Type and Drainage Height on the Performance of Vapor Extraction (VAPEX) Process in Heavy Oil Systems
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Available large resources of heavy oil and bitumen in Western Canada are potential future energy sources. Hence, looking for an economically viable, technically feasible, and environmentally friendly heavy oil recovery technique is inevitable. Although the dramatic decrease in the viscosity of heavy oil with the temperature increase makes the thermal recovery techniques the first choice for these reservoirs, cost associated with generating the required heat, excessive heat loss to the surrounding formations, and large amount of CO2 emitted during these thermal processes are some of major economical and environmental concerns. Solvent-based heavy oil recovery methods have recently gained some attention due to the potential advantages over the thermal processes. It has been found that the viscosity reduction resulted from injecting the appropriate solvent is comparable to that obtained by heating in some cases. In this paper, the vapor extraction (VAPEX) process is experimentally investigated to examine the effect of injecting different solvents and drainage heights on the heavy oil recovery. For this purpose, two large visual rectangular sand-packed VAPEX models with the heights of 24.5 cm and 47.5 cm and permeability of about 5 ~ 7D were employed. A heavy oil sample with viscosity of 2500 ~ 5500 cP was used to saturate both models. Pure propane, methane, and carbon dioxide where considered as respective solvents and injected in both models under the same operating conditions. The heavy oil production rate and the produced gas-oil ratio where measured periodically during the course of experiments. In addition, the asphaltene content and the visual observation of the gas chamber evolution were monitored. It was found that the drainage height has a significant impact on the production rate and the ultimate heavy oil recovery. The experiments with smaller drainage height showed higher recovery factor and faster recovery process for similar period of injection-production. Among three different solvents utilized in this study, propane with lower vapor pressure and higher solubility showed more promising results. Additionally, CO2 and methane were used as carrier gases and a series of CO2-based VAPEX process were conducted. Results indicated that CO2-based VAPEX could be used as a means of feasible heavy oil recovery.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».