Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The LNG market is expanding, and development plans exists for LNG processing plants in Arctic Russia. This paper discusses a possible transport chain for LNG produced at shore-based terminals on the Yamal Peninsula. The recent disagreement between Russia and Ukraine on gas export to Europe has demonstrated the vulnerability of the present overland export system for natural gas. The planned North Stream will increase energy security for several European countries. However, a sea transport system may create a win - win situation for Russian gas producers and world-wide customers of natural gas. The first part of the paper describes the individual legs of the proposed transport chain. The second part discusses ship-to-ship transfer of gas in general, followed by a review of LNG ship-to-ship transfer, and ends with a specific case, of which high-seas ship-to-ship transfer in Arctic waters is a critical element. The final part of the paper describes necessary developments in cargo-handling equipment and operational procedures for LNG transfer between two large LNG vessels in Arctic waters. Ship-to-ship transfer of oil and gas is a routine operation in many parts of the world. A cost-effective transport system from Arctic LNG plants in the western part of the Russia to markets in Western Europe and east coast US/Canada could be achieved through the use of dedicated icebreaking LNG tankers transloading their cargo to conventional LNG carriers in ice-free waters in the Barents Sea. 1 Introduction With the expected increase in demand for oil and decrease in production in certain areas in 2010 - 2020, pressure to develop the Arctic region is growing. The extreme conditions with ice and very low temperatures will make even more stringent demands of the ships, equipment and crew than normal. The Arctic is particularly sensitive and vulnerable, and the vision of zero harmful discharges is now generally accepted. A sharper focus on the part of IMO, EU and Arctic organizations, on environmental issues and safe operations will influence vessel operation. There will be a focus on new and innovative costeffective solutions to satisfy the strict requirements for ships and equipment from ship-owners, class societies, operators, the authorities and other stakeholders. The development of the Snøhvit gas field with its Melkøya LNG terminal has moved offshore gas production far north. Much larger offshore and onshore fields exist in the Russian sector of the Barents Sea and on the Yamal Peninsula. The recent problems with Russian gas export to Europe may increase pressure to develop an independent sea export route from the Russian European Arctic in addition to the planned North Stream pipeline. Current plans for development of LNG plants include a plant in Teriberka, where the Shtokman gas will be landed, and a facility on the Yamal Peninsula. Ship-based export from these plants will give the Russian gas company Gazprom access to both the European and North American markets.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».