Notice bibliographique
Résumé
President's column In the last couple of years, we have seen an extraordinary growth of unconventional gas activity that is literally reshaping our industry—notably, tight gas reservoirs and gas shales in North America and CSG/LNG projects in Australia (CSG means coal seam gas, which is another name for coalbed methane). These advances were made feasible by technology, which made possible what was once considered impossible to achieve (production per well, sufficiently low cost per well, etc.), but also by perseverance. We must not forget that it took about 20 years to find the key to unlock the potential of these unconventional gas plays, whose resource had been identified a long while ago. This remark applies also to the development of another unconventional hydrocarbon, the oil sands of Canada; it took 20 years from the concept of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), and the first patent by Roger Butler, to significant production using this technology As recently as 5 years ago, almost nobody was forecasting what is happening now with gas shales. Our current success has been made possible by a few technological breakthroughs, or step changes, which are by essence difficult to predict. I think that will be the case for all unconventional hydrocarbons, such as oil shales and, perhaps someday, gas hydrates. It is almost impossible to make a reliable guess about when gas hydrates will come onstream with significance, but this will happen at some time. It is also interesting to compare oil shales and gas shales—oil-shale production still faces a lot of technological barriers, and the economics look quite uncertain, which is exactly the situation gas shales were in 20 years ago. Unconventional hydrocarbons are interesting for two reasons: (1) the resources are huge, and may cover our needs for more than a century; and (2) the geographic distribution of those resources, which is mostly in non-OPEC countries. The gas resource is important in North America, central Europe, and Australia. The oil-shales resource, as known today, is mostly in North America and “new” countries such as Jordan, Lithuania, Morocco, and a few others. A very important point is that, in addition to “traditional” technology challenges, the development of all types of unconventional hydrocarbons is facing similar environmental issues: One is land use—in all cases, footprint is important, mostly due to the large number of wells. The other is water issues—production of dirty water (to be treated adequately), or the risk or fear of contamination of aquifers when fracturing the pay zone.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».