Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The monitoring of cloud amount and type in Canada is discussed in detail, including observing, archiving, data transmission procedures and practices, and automation. There have been some major monitoring challenges since 1953. In 1977, the network‐wide replacement of detailed cloud layer amounts and obscuring phenomena by broad sky conditions, based on summation amounts, imposed analysis of frequency of occurrence of mainly cloudy conditions rather than actual amounts. Partial automation with Automated Weather Observing Systems resulted in the cessation of observations of higher clouds and cloud types, as well as the incompatibility of sky coverage with human observations at eight percent of stations. For every hourly report from eighty‐four airport stations from 1953 to 2003, each layer is classified according to cloud type and related standard base height into three levels of low, middle, and high clouds. Trends in occurrence of summation amounts of mainly cloudy conditions at each of these three levels are computed on annual, seasonal, daytime and nighttime scales, together with annual trends in occurrence of selected convective and stratiform clouds. Based on annual anomalies averaged over the country and provinces, no major network‐wide systematic discontinuities were noted; on average, on an annual basis over the entire network, slight decreasing trends are noted for summation amounts of mainly cloudy conditions at low and middle levels, and increasing trends at high levels. The increasing trend at high levels is indeed remarkable. The rate of increase, especially rapid until 1974, has been shown to be caused by a prominent increase in cirrus cloud reports. The link between this rise and the increase in air traffic was established by others in the United States.. This link may also apply in Canada, which experienced a similar expansion in aviation. Notably, the largest increase in high nighttime cloudiness and decrease in low‐middle cloudiness is evident in western Canada, possibly contributing to the recently observed warming of daily minimum and maximum temperatures there. The occurrence of stratiform clouds at all levels exhibits significant decreasing trends across the country, except for southern Ontario. Clouds of intense convection show pronounced decreasing trends in western Canada, while not much change is evident elsewhere. Similar to cirrus, stratocumulus is notable as it shows strong positive trends everywhere in the country. On the other hand combined stratus and stratus fractus clouds exhibit decreasing trends, except over British Columbia where the opposite occurs. The findings concerning stratocumulus, stratus and stratus fractus clouds in Canada are similar to the findings in the United States.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».