The Tradeoff Between Surfactant Costs and Water Heating to Enhance Friction Reducer Performance
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract In slick water fracture stimulations the standard treatment utilizes water with very few chemicals. In the Horn River Basin during the winter months the water from surface sources can be very cold. Besides the obvious problem of freezing, the low temperature of the frac source water causes serious problems with the effectiveness of friction reducers by increasing the inversion time (the time to maximum friction reduction). In low temperature, high rate conditions the maximum friction reduction may not be reached as the fluid may have travelled a considerable distance through surface equipment, and even down the casing, without the friction reducer being fully effective. This condition can increase pumping pressure, horsepower charges and surface equipment failures. It can also affect the ability to get to design rates for the frac resulting in undesirable conditions such as extending the time to get to rate, being unable to start sand scours or pressuring out early on in the frac treatment. To solve the problem there have been two key solutions employed: either the water can be heated to a temperature where friction reducer inversion time is reduced and therefore is more effective, or more friction reducer is added to the cold frac source water until the friction pressure is manageable. On a multiple frac campaign in the Horn River these two methods were tested against a novel chemical that increased the effectiveness of the friction reducer in cold water. The presentation will include the field test data and a cost analysis of implementing this on a job by job basis. In addition, the foaming and flow back characteristics of this chemical were tested at near in situ conditions to determine the potential for unplanned consequences. In addition, the technique is being considered for use in a system where the primary fluid is warm (~ 25°C) brackish produced water but the auxiliary fluid supply may be fresh cold water. The objective is to show the cost and benefit of the chemical solution compared to heating or increasing friction reducer loading. Field testing was required to determine if the chemical solution could be applied more cost-effectively then inline heating of the cold frac water supply at full frac rate. Field testing was also conducted to determine if cold frac source water could be efficiently friction reduced with no external heating using only friction reducer, or a combination of a friction reducer and a novel chemical to reduce inversion time.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».